. 2023 Jan 6;15(11):1111–1116. doi: 10.1136/jnis-2022-019859

Table 2.

Treatment characteristics and outcome parameters

Treatment characteristics
Number of treatments	55
Treatments per DAVF	One treatment per DAVF 96.4%			Two treatments per DAVF 3.6%
Formulation of Squid	Squid 12 32.7%		Squid 18 83.6%	Squid 18 LD 1.8%
Volume of Squid per embolization (mL)	1.3±1.2 (0.1–7.5)
Artery selected for embolization	Middle meningeal a 66.1%	Occipital a 14.3%	Ascending pharyngeal a 7.1%	Pial a 5.4%	Posterior meningeal a 3.6%	Superficial temporal a 3.6%
Microcatheter used for embolization	Marathon 61.1%	Scepter XC 13.9%	Apollo 11.1%	Sonic 5.6%	Others 8.3%
Accessory devices	Balloon-assisted embolization 21.8%		Balloon-assisted protection* 5.5%		Coiling† 5.5%
Duration of the procedure (min)	125±51 (40–235)

Morbidity and adverse events‡
mRS score at follow-up§	0 55.8%	1 20.9%	2 9.3%	3 4.7%	4 4.7%	5 2.3%	6 2.3%
Morbidity at 90 to 180 days§	Overall rate of mRS score decline 7.0%				mRS score decline related to the procedure 2.3%
Frequency of adverse events	Overall 18.2%		Intraprocedural 3.6%		Postprocedural 14.6%
Specification of adverse events	Seizure 3.6%		Groin hematoma 3.6%		Pulmonary embolism 1.8%	Pneumonia 1.8%
Specification of adverse events	Dissection 1.8%		Microcatheter rupture 1.8%		Visual disturbances 1.8%	Intracranial hemorrhage 1.8%
Adverse event severity	Mild 5.5%		Moderate 7.3%		Severe 1.8%	Life-threatening 3.6%
Relatedness of adverse events	Not related to Squid 12.7%		Probably related to Squid 0%			Definitely related to Squid 5.5%
	Not related to procedure 5.5%		Probably related to procedure 1.8%			Definitely related to procedure 10.9%
	Not related to DAVF 7.3%		Probably related to DAVF 1.8%			Definitely related to DAVF 9.1%
Treatment of adverse events	Medical 9.1%		Surgical 1.8%		Endovascular 3.6%	None 3.6%
Outcome of adverse events	Recovered w/o sequelae 12.7%		Recovered w/ sequelae 1.8%		Not yet recovered 1.8%	Death 1.8%

Degree of DAVF occlusion¶
Overall immediate occlusion rate	Complete occlusion 94.3%	Near-complete occlusion>90% 3.8%	Partial occlusion 50–90% 1.9%	Partial occlusion <50% 0%
Immediate occlusion rate using Squid only	Complete occlusion 92.5%	Near-complete occlusion>90% 3.8%	Partial occlusion 50–90% 1.9%	Partial occlusion <50% 1.9%
Final occlusion rate at 90 to 180 days**	Complete occlusion 93.2%	Near-complete occlusion>90% 2.3%	Partial occlusion 50–90% 2.3%	Partial occlusion <50% 2.3%

*Protection of a healthy brain-supplying artery to avoid inadvertent embolization.

†Transvenous coiling of the draining vein (n=2) or pressure-cooker technique (n=1).