Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of people with heart failure stratified by BMI category
| Variable | Underweight | Healthy weight | Overweight | Obesity class I | Obesity class II | Obesity class III | All cohort | |||||||
| (<18.5 kg/m2) | (18.5–25 kg/m2) | (25–30 kg/m2) | (30–35 kg/m2) | (35–40 kg/m2) | (≥40 kg/m2) | |||||||||
| Total | 1084 | (100) | 14 880 | (100) | 17 277 | (100) | 9013 | (100) | 3400 | (100) | 1877 | (100) | 47 531 | (100) |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||||||||||||
| Men | 315 | (29.06) | 7429 | (49.93) | 10 486 | (60.69) | 5086 | (56.43) | 1674 | (49.24) | 765 | (40.76) | 25 755 | (54.19) |
| Women | 769 | (70.94) | 7451 | (50.07) | 6791 | (39.31) | 3927 | (43.57) | 1726 | (50.76) | 1112 | (59.24) | 21 776 | (45.81) |
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 82 | (75–87) | 81 | (74–86) | 78 | (71–84) | 76 | (68–82) | 73 | (65–79) | 68 | (60–75) | 78 | (70–84) |
| Age category, n (%) | ||||||||||||||
| 45–54 | 17 | (1.57) | 316 | (2.12) | 542 | (3.14) | 390 | (4.33) | 210 | (6.18) | 189 | (10.07) | 1664 | (3.50) |
| 55–64 | 64 | (5.90) | 980 | (6.59) | 1497 | (8.66) | 1140 | (12.65) | 609 | (17.91) | 519 | (27.65) | 4809 | (10.12) |
| 65–74 | 165 | (15.22) | 2624 | (17.63) | 4002 | (23.16) | 2605 | (28.90) | 1139 | (33.50) | 654 | (34.84) | 11 189 | (23.54) |
| 75–84 | 416 | (38.38) | 5952 | (40.00) | 7157 | (41.43) | 3492 | (38.74) | 1138 | (33.47) | 441 | (23.49) | 18 596 | (39.12) |
| 85–94 | 391 | (36.07) | 4620 | (31.05) | 3870 | (22.40) | 1328 | (14.73) | 291 | (8.56) | 74 | (3.94) | 10 574 | (22.25) |
| 94+ | 31 | (2.86) | 388 | (2.61) | 209 | (1.21) | 58 | (0.64) | 13 | (0.38) | 0 | (0.00) | 699 | (1.47) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||||||||||
| White | 863 | (79.61) | 11 755 | (79.00) | 13 731 | (79.48) | 7018 | (77.87) | 2696 | (79.29) | 1474 | (78.53) | 37 537 | (78.97) |
| Non-white | 16 | (1.48) | 381 | (2.56) | 489 | (2.83) | 296 | (3.28) | 110 | (3.24) | 56 | (2.98) | 1348 | (2.84) |
| Mixed | 127 | (11.72) | 1738 | (11.68) | 2155 | (12.47) | 1288 | (14.29) | 490 | (14.41) | 280 | (14.92) | 6078 | (12.79) |
| Missing | 78 | (7.20) | 1006 | (6.76) | 902 | (5.22) | 411 | (4.56) | 104 | (3.06) | 67 | (3.57) | 2568 | (5.40) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||||||||||
| Never | 403 | (37.18) | 6137 | (41.24) | 6554 | (37.93) | 3172 | (35.19) | 1191 | (35.03) | 649 | (34.58) | 18 106 | (38.09) |
| Former | 260 | (23.99) | 2240 | (15.05) | 2013 | (11.65) | 998 | (11.07) | 398 | (11.71) | 243 | (12.95) | 6152 | (12.94) |
| Current | 406 | (37.45) | 6337 | (42.59) | 8531 | (49.38) | 4746 | (52.66) | 1771 | (52.09) | 960 | (51.15) | 22 751 | (47.87) |
| Missing | 15 | (1.38) | 166 | (1.12) | 179 | (1.04) | 97 | (1.08) | 40 | (1.18) | 25 | (1.33) | 522 | (1.10) |
| Index of multiple deprivation (quintile), n (%) | ||||||||||||||
| 1 (most deprived) | 181 | (16.70) | 3191 | (21.44) | 3534 | (20.45) | 1570 | (17.42) | 530 | (15.59) | 238 | (12.68) | 9244 | (19.45) |
| 2 | 260 | (23.99) | 3522 | (23.67) | 4052 | (23.45) | 1970 | (21.86) | 699 | (20.56) | 351 | (18.70) | 10 854 | (22.84) |
| 3 | 230 | (21.22) | 3111 | (20.91) | 3723 | (21.55) | 1957 | (21.71) | 755 | (22.21) | 401 | (21.36) | 10 177 | (21.41) |
| 4 | 236 | (21.77) | 2990 | (20.09) | 3539 | (20.48) | 2001 | (22.20) | 776 | (22.82) | 496 | (26.43) | 10 038 | (21.12) |
| 5 (least deprived) | 175 | (16.14) | 2048 | (13.76) | 2415 | (13.98) | 1507 | (16.72) | 640 | (18.82) | 390 | (20.78) | 7175 | (15.10) |
| Missing | 2 | (0.18) | 18 | (0.12) | 14 | (0.08) | 8 | (0.09) | 0 | (0.00) | 1 | (0.05) | 43 | (0.09) |
| Medical history of | ||||||||||||||
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 280 | (25.83) | 4195 | (28.19) | 4748 | (27.48) | 2393 | (26.55) | 894 | (26.29) | 470 | (25.04) | 12 980 | (27.31) |
| Angina, n (%) | 175 | (16.14) | 3214 | (21.60) | 4160 | (24.08) | 2201 | (24.42) | 765 | (22.50) | 356 | (18.97) | 10 871 | (22.87) |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 132 | (12.18) | 2480 | (16.67) | 4251 | (24.60) | 3056 | (33.91) | 1502 | (44.18) | 1004 | (53.49) | 12 425 | (26.14) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 501 | (46.22) | 8122 | (54.58) | 10 512 | (60.84) | 6057 | (67.20) | 2474 | (72.76) | 1386 | (73.84) | 29 052 | (61.12) |
| Ischaemic heart disease, n (%) | 222 | (20.48) | 3934 | (26.44) | 5095 | (29.49) | 2664 | (29.56) | 870 | (25.59) | 411 | (21.90) | 13 196 | (27.76) |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 186 | (17.16) | 3095 | (20.80) | 4043 | (23.40) | 2048 | (22.72) | 635 | (18.68) | 264 | (14.06) | 10 271 | (21.61) |
| Other cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 288 | (26.57) | 3944 | (26.51) | 4563 | (26.41) | 2219 | (24.62) | 771 | (22.68) | 381 | (20.30) | 12 166 | (25.60) |
| Stroke, n (%) | 131 | (12.08) | 1759 | (11.82) | 2040 | (11.81) | 1024 | (11.36) | 339 | (9.97) | 139 | (7.41) | 5432 | (11.43) |
| Valvular disease, n (%) | 101 | (9.32) | 1407 | (9.46) | 1411 | (8.17) | 559 | (6.20) | 180 | (5.29) | 78 | (4.16) | 3736 | (7.86) |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 17.54 | (16.8–18.04) | 22.8 | (21.27–23.99) | 27.29 | (26.14–28.53) | 31.97 | (30.9–33.23) | 36.91 | (35.85–38.11) | 43.71 | (41.49–47.33) | 27.06 | (23.88–31) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), median (IQR) | 132 | (120–146) | 136 | (120–148) | 137 | (124–150) | 138 | (125–150) | 140 | (127–150) | 138.5 | (126–150) | 137 | (123–150) |
| Missing | 7 | (0.65) | 83 | (0.56) | 77 | (0.45) | 37 | (0.41) | 5 | (0.15) | 3 | (0.16) | 212 | (0.45) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg), median (IQR) | 74 | (67–80) | 76 | (70–82) | 78 | (70–82) | 79 | (70–84) | 80 | (70–85) | 80 | (70–86) | 78 | (70–83) |
| Missing | 7 | (0.65) | 83 | (0.56) | 77 | (0.45) | 37 | (0.41) | 5 | (0.15) | 3 | (0.16) | 212 | (0.45) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 4.7 | (3.95–5.5) | 4.6 | (3.8–5.5) | 4.5 | (3.8–5.4) | 4.5 | (3.8–5.3) | 4.5 | (3.8–5.3) | 4.4 | (3.7–5.2) | 4.5 | (3.8–5.4) |
| Missing | 373 | (34.41) | 4082 | (27.43) | 3623 | (20.97) | 1462 | (16.22) | 398 | (11.71) | 202 | (10.76) | 10 140 | (21.33) |
BMI, body mass index.