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. 2023 Jul 28;14(6):474–482. doi: 10.1136/flgastro-2023-102432

Table 3.

Procedural bleeding risk in patients with cirrhosis44 53

Low risk procedures (bleeding risk <1.5%) High-risk procedures (bleeding risk ≥1.5%)
Diagnostic endoscopy±biopsy Polypectomy/EMR/ESD
Paracentesis ERCP with sphincterotomy
Thoracocentesis Variceal band ligation
Transoesophageal echocardiography Therapeutic endoscopic ultrasound
Percutaneous liver biopsy Dental extraction
Transjugular liver biopsy
HVPG measurement
Percutaneous ablation of liver cancer

EMR, endoscopic mucosal resection; ERCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection; HVPG, hepatic venous pressure gradient.