Table 3.
Procedural bleeding risk in patients with cirrhosis44 53
Low risk procedures (bleeding risk <1.5%) | High-risk procedures (bleeding risk ≥1.5%) |
Diagnostic endoscopy±biopsy | Polypectomy/EMR/ESD |
Paracentesis | ERCP with sphincterotomy |
Thoracocentesis | Variceal band ligation |
Transoesophageal echocardiography | Therapeutic endoscopic ultrasound |
Percutaneous liver biopsy | Dental extraction |
Transjugular liver biopsy | |
HVPG measurement | |
Percutaneous ablation of liver cancer |
EMR, endoscopic mucosal resection; ERCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection; HVPG, hepatic venous pressure gradient.