TABLE 3.
Peak ground reaction force, joint kinetics, tibial strain, and tibial stress-fracture risk in women and men while running with no load, an 11.3-kg load, and a 22.7-kg load.
| Load | 0.0 kg | 11.3 kg | 22.7 kg | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women (N = 20) | Men (N = 21) | p-value | ES | Women (N = 20) | Men (N = 21) | p-value | ES | Women (N = 20) | Men (N = 21) | p-value | ES | |
| Ground reaction force (BW) | ||||||||||||
| 2.4 (0.1) | 2.5 (0.2) | 0.467 | 0.4 (−0.2,1.0) | 2.6 (0.2) | 2.6 (0.2) | 0.325 | 0.4 (−0.2,1.0) | 2.8 (0.2) | 2.8 (0.3) | 0.523 | 0.2 (−0.4,0.8) | |
| Joint moments (N•m/kg) | ||||||||||||
| Hip Flex | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.615 | 0.0 (−0.6,0.7) | 1.1 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.1) | 0.236 | 0.5 (−0.2,1.1) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.2) | 0.203 | 0.4 (−0.2,1.0) |
| Hip Ext | 1.8 (0.2) | 2.2 (0.5) | 0.007 | 1.2 (0.5,1.8) | 2.1 (0.3) | 2.5 (0.5) | 0.004 | 1.0 (0.4,1.7) | 2.4 (0.2) | 2.7 (0.4) | 0.010 | 1.0 (0.3,1.6) |
| Knee Ext | 2.4 (0.5) | 2.2 (0.4) | 0.206 | 0.4 (−0.2,1.0) | 2.4 (0.5) | 2.3 (0.5) | 0.388 | 0.2 (−0.4,0.8) | 2.6 (0.5) | 2.5 (0.5) | 0.367 | 0.3 (−0.4,0.9) |
| Ankle PF | 2.6 (0.3) | 3.0 (0.5) | 0.007 | 1.1 (0.4,1.7) | 2.8 (0.2) | 3.1 (0.5) | 0.005 | 1.0 (0.4,1.7) | 2.9 (0.3) | 3.3 (0.5) | 0.010 | 0.9 (0.3,1.5) |
| Joint reaction forces (BW) | ||||||||||||
| Hip | 9.4 (1.5) | 8.0 (1.5) | 0.007 | 1.0 (0.3,1.6) | 10.4 (1.7) | 8.6 (1.4) | 0.004 | 1.2 (0.5,1.8) | 11.6 (1.4) | 9.3 (1.5) | <0.001 | 1.5 (0.8,2.2) |
| Knee | 12.6 (0.8) | 11.5 (1.2) | 0.007 | 1.0 (0.4,1.7) | 13.8 (1.1) | 12.5 (1.4) | 0.005 | 1.0 (0.4,1.7) | 15.1 (1.4) | 13.1 (1.5) | <0.001 | 1.4 (0.7,2.0) |
| Ankle | 12.7 (0.9) | 11.7 (1.9) | 0.140 | 0.6 (0.0,1.3) | 13.7 (1.4) | 12.4 (1.8) | 0.014 | 0.8 (0.2,1.4) | 14.9 (1.6) | 13.1 (2.0) | 0.007 | 1.0 (0.3,1.6) |
| Tibial strain (με) | ||||||||||||
| 5,007 (867) | 4,540 (906) | 0.188 | 0.5 (−0.1,1.1) | 5,439 (1,042) | 4,835 (1,045) | 0.061 | 0.6 (0.0,1.2) | 5,908 (1,159) | 5,036 (1,191) | 0.031 | 0.7 (0.1,1.4) | |
| Tibial stress-fracture risk (%) | ||||||||||||
| 4.5 (5.5) | 3.3 (6.0) | 0.140 | 0.2 (−0.4,0.8) | 8.9 (10.3) | 5.6 (12.0) | 0.046 | 0.3 (−0.3,0.9) | 15.7 (16.9) | 7.7 (14.4) | 0.031 | 0.5 (−0.1,1.1) | |
The data are presented as means (one standard deviation) or (95% confidence intervals). A bold p-value indicates a statistically significant difference between women and men, as determined by the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon rank-sum test. We applied the Benjamini–Hochberg correction in our analyses to account for multiple comparisons. BW, body weight; ES, effect size; Ext, extension; Flex, flexion; PF, plantarflexion.