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. 2023 Oct 3;11:1274788. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1274788

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Copyright © 2023 Jourdeuil, Neilson, Cousin, Tavares, Majumdar, Alfandari and Moody.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Loss of Zmym4 results in craniofacial cartilage dysmorphologies. (A) Top: ventral views of Alcian blue stained heads from a control tadpole and a sibling Zmym4 morphant (Zmym4 MO). Loss of Zmym4 on the right side of the tadpole resulted in compression of the infrarostral cartilage (I), thickening and shortening of the Meckel’s cartilage (mc), shortening and compression of the ceratohyal cartilage (ch) and reduced size of the ceratobranchial cartilages (cb). The otic capsule (oc) also was reduced in size on the injected side. Bottom: tracing of the craniofacial cartilages to better demonstrate the differences in morphology between the control and morphant infrarostral (orange), Meckel’s (red), ceratohyal (yellow), ceratobranchial (green) and otic capsule (blue) cartilages. Black scale bars in top right corners = 200 μm. (B) Bar graph depicting the percentage of Zmym4 morphants (n = 76) that displayed either “normal” (black), mildly affected (pink), or severely aberrant (green) morphology for each of the five craniofacial cartilages analyzed.