Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study citation | Study design | Intervention(s) | N Age (years) | Delivery | Stigma-related measure | Post-test effect size (Cohen’s d)/p-value | Follow-up effect size (Cohen’s d)/p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cangas et al. (2017) | QED | Education | 552 14–18 |
Video game | Questionnaire on Student Attitudes towards Schizophrenia |
p = .000 (Dangerousness) p = .001 (Stereotypes) |
NA |
| Perry et al. (2014) | CRT | Education | 380 Mean 14.94 |
Programme teachers | The Depression Stigma Scale | Interaction effect: p < .05 | Interaction effect: p < .05 |
| Nguyen et al. (2020) | RCT | Education | 3,000 Mean 15 |
Trained teachers | Mental Health Knowledge and Attitude Test |
p < .0001 (Vietnamese) p < .0001 (Cambodian) |
NA |
| Link et al. (2020) | CRT | Education | 416 NI |
Teachers | Knowledge and Positive Attitudes Children’s social distance |
p < .001 (Attitudes) p < .05 (Social distance) |
p < .001 (Attitudes) p < .05 (Social distance) |
| Winkler et al. (2017) | RCT | Education Contact |
499 Mean 18.41 |
A mental health professional (psychiatrist or case manager) and an expert by experience | The Community Attitudes towards Mental Illness Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale |
Seminar arm: d = .61 (Attitudes); d = .58 (Behaviour) Video arm: d = .49 (Attitudes); d = .26 (Behaviour) |
Seminar arm: d = .43 (Attitudes); d = .26 (Behaviour) Video arm: d = .22 (Attitudes); d = .21 (Behaviour) |
| Mulfinger et al. (2018) | RCT | Contact | 98 13–18 |
A young adult peer with mental illness and a young mental health professional | Stigma Stress Scale | p < .001 | p < .001 |
| Economou et al. (2014) | RCT | Education | 1,081 13–15 |
Two psychologists, trained in child psychology and group dynamics | Alberta Pilot Site Questionnaire Toolkit; Social Distance measure |
p < .001(Attitudes) p < .001 (Social distance) |
NA |
| Milin et al. (2016) | RCT | Education | 534 NI |
Trained teachers | Attitudes towards Mental Illness | Interaction effect: p < .01 | NA |
| Staniland and Byrne (2013) | QED | Education + Contact | 395 NI |
The author | Adjective Checklist; Shared Activities Questionnaire |
p < .001 (Attitudes) NI (Behaviour) |
p = .01 (Attitudes) p = .22 (Behaviour) |
| Vila-Badia et al. (2016) | RCT | Contact | 280 14–18 |
Healthcare staff | The Community Attitudes towards Mental Illness |
p = .000 (Authoritarianism) p = .742 (Benevolence) p = .019 (Social restrictiveness) p = .117 (Community mental health ideology) |
NA |
| O’Mara et al. (2013) | RCT | Education | 294 NI |
Trained peer facilitators | The Stigma Scale – Attribution Questionnaire Revised |
p < .001 (Low-need schools) p > .05 (Overall schools) |
NA |
| Gonçalves et al. (2015) | RCT | Education | 207 NI |
Treatment group | Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale; Social Stigma for Receiving Psychological Help Scale; Attribution Questionnaire-Children form |
p < .05 (Self-stigma) p < .05 (Social stigma) p < .05 (Attribution) |
p > .05(Self-stigma) p > .05 (Social stigma) p > .05 (Attribution) |
| Economou et al. (2012) | RCT | Education | 616 13–15 |
An educational psychologist and a psychiatrist, especially trained in group dynamics | Alberta Pilot Site Questionnaire Toolkit; Social Distance measure |
p < .05 (Attitudes) p < .05 (Social distance) |
p < .05 (Attitudes) p > .05 (Social distance) |
| DeLuca (2020) | CRT | Education + Contact | 232 13–18 |
NI | The Perceptions of Stigmatisation by Others for Seeking Help scale; The Self-Stigma of Seeking Help scale |
NI | Anticipated stigma: p = .020 Self-stigma: p > .05 |
| Chisholm et al. (2016) | CRT | Education | 769 12–13 |
NI | The Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale | p = .5 | p = .03 |
| Ahmad et al. (2020) | CRT | Education | 731 Mean 17.4 |
NI | The Attitude scale; The Social Distance scale; The Positive Action scale |
p = .010 (Attitudes) p > .05 (Social distance) p < .001 (Action) |
NA |
| Painter et al. (2017) | QED | Education; Contact; Printed material | 721 Mean 11.5 |
Teachers; Two college students with a history of bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder. | NI | Printed materials: p > .05 NI |
NA |
| Cheetham et al. (2020) | RCT | Education | 463 Mean 14.94 |
NI | A five-point stigma scale | NI |
p = .171 (Weak no sick) p = .242 (Dangerousness) Interaction effect: p < .001 (Weak no sick) |
| Saporito et al. (2011) | QED | Education + Contact | 159 Mean 14.76 |
Ten trained graduate and undergraduate psychology students | Community Attitudes towards the Mentally Ill; Attitudes towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help; Implicit Association Test |
p = .03 (Attitudes to mental health) p = .001 (Attitudes to treatment) p > .05 (Implicit Attitudes to mental health) p > .05 (Implicit Attitudes to treatment) |
NA |
| Townsend et al. (2019) | RCT | Education | 6,025 NI |
High school teachers | Reported and Intended Behaviours Scale | NI |
p = .08 |
| Pinto-Foltz et al. (2011) | CRT | Contact | 156 13–17 |
Trained consumers who were recovery from mental illness | A five-item subscale of the Revised Attribution Questionnaire | p = .33 | p > .05 |
| Howard et al. (2018) | RCT | Education | 327 16–19 |
NI | Self-Stigma for Depression Scale | p > .05 | NA |
Note: CRT, cluster-randomised trial, NA, not available, NI, no information, QED, quasi-experimental design, RCT, randomised controlled trial.