Table 3.
Outcomes and intervention sessions
| Study citation | Country | Target | Primary or only outcome | Other outcomes (no primary outcome indicated) | Intervention sessions | Indicators of intervention compliance | Comparator intervention(s) | Control condition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cangas et al. (2017) | Spain | Schizophrenia | Stigmatising attitudes towards schizophrenia. | NI | 12 sessions × 60 min | NI | NA | Another video game unrelated to mental health |
| Perry et al. (2014) | Australia | Depression | Mental health literacy | Stigma, help-seeking, psychological distress and suicidal ideation | 10 h | Data were obtained from 380 participants at baseline, 322 participants post-intervention and 208 participants at a 6-month follow-up | NA | No intervention control condition |
| Nguyen et al. (2020) | Vietnam and Cambodia | Mental health | NI | Knowledge and stigma about mental health | NI | 89% of students in intervention group and 78% in control group provided data | NA | No intervention control condition |
| Link et al. (2020) | USA | Mental health | NI | Knowledge and attitudes towards menial health and social distance | NI | 75% participants completed assessment at 24 months | Contact; Printed materials |
No intervention control condition |
| Winkler et al. (2017) | Czech Republic | Mental health | NI | Stigma-related attitudes and behaviours | 1 session | 68.4% in seminar and 73.1% in video completed assessment | NA | Active control group-received leaflet |
| Mulfinger et al. (2018) | German | Mental health | Stigma stress; quality of life | Empowerment; self-stigma, disclosure-related distress, empowerment, help-seeking intentions, recovery and depressive. | 3 sessions × 2 h | 86% completed post-assessment and 78% completed follow-up assessment | NA | Treatment as usual |
| Economou et al. (2014) | Greece | Schizophrenia | NI | Adolescents’ beliefs, attitudes and desired social distance | 1 session × 120 min | NI | NA | Received a 2-h discussion on immunisation |
| Milin et al. (2016) | Canada | Mental health | NI | Mental health knowledge and attitudes towards mental illness/stigma | NI | 87.8% completed both pre- and post-questionnaires | NA | Teaching as usual |
| Staniland and Byrne (2013) | Australia | Autism | NI | Autism knowledge, attitudes towards disabilities, behavioural intentions | Six sessions × 50 min | NI | NA | No-intervention non-peer |
| Vila-Badia et al. (2016) | Spain | Mental health | Social stigma towards mental health | NI | One session | NI | NA | No intervention control condition |
| O’Mara et al. (2013) | Canada | Mental health | NI | Stigma and depression | 1 session × 75 min | 91.2% overall completion rate | NA | NI |
| Gonçalves et al. (2015) | Portugal | Mental health | NI | Self-stigma, social stigma, attribution for mental health | 1 session | NI | NA | NI |
| Economou et al. (2012) | Greece | Schizophrenia | NI | Participants’ beliefs and attitudes; social distance | 1 session | NI | NA | A talk about nutrition and healthy living |
| DeLuca (2020) | USA | Mental health | Negative stereotypes; intended social distance; knowledge; negative effects; help-seeking intentions | Anticipated stigma; self-stigma; disclosure worries | 1 session | 89% of students participated in the study | NA | Received a presentation of parallel length on ‘careers in psychology’ |
| Chisholm et al. (2016) | UK | Mental health | Stigma of mental illness | Knowledge of mental illness; emotional wel-lbeing; resilience; help-seeking; acceptability | 1session (1 day) | 14.6% dropout | Education + Contact | NI |
| Ahmad et al. (2020) | USA | Mental health | NI | Knowledge; attitudes; social distance; positive actions | Weekly/biweekly | 58.9% provided data at T1 and one additional time point (T2 or T3) | In delayed condition | NA |
| Painter et al. (2017) | USA | Mental health | NI | Stigmatising attitudes, beliefs, behaviours and behavioural intentions and recognition of mental illnesses and favourable attitudes towards help-seeking | Curriculum (3–6 days per period) | NI | Education; Contact; Printed material | No intervention control condition |
| Cheetham et al. (2020) | Australia | Alcohol misuse | Stigma; help-seeking; confidence; alcohol use | 1 session | NI | NA | NI | |
| Saporito et al. (2011) | USA | Mental health | NI | Community Attitudes towards the Mentally Ill; Attitudes towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help; Implicit Bias; Semantic Differential Willingness to Seek Treatment; Treatment Information; Positive and Negative Affect |
1 session × 35 min | NI | NA | A parallel 35-min educational presentation with content unrelated to mental health |
| Townsend et al. (2019) | USA | Depression | NI | Depression knowledge, mental health stigma | NI | NI | NA | NI |
| Pinto-Foltz et al. (2011) | USA | Mental health | NI | Mental health stigma and literacy | NI | 8% of participants failed to complete the standard measures at all time points | NA | No intervention control condition |
| Howard et al. (2018) | Australia | Depression | Anticipated self-stigma for depression | Help-seeking intentions; Causal attribution; Depressive symptoms |
NI | 93.2% completed the intervention. | NA | Neutral information on the symptoms of depression |
Note: NA, not available; NI, no information.