Table 1.
Distribution of COVID-19 fear according to sociodemographic and healthcare access characteristics
| Variables | Category | Total n (%) | COVID-19 fear score | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | ||||
| Total | 1,036 (100) | 18.1 | 5.6 | ||
| Sex | Female | 658(63.5) | 18.1 | 5.6 | 0.7906 |
| Male | 378 (36.5) | 17.6 | 5.7 | ||
| Age | Below 35 years | 90 (8.6) | 18.2 | 5.5 | 0.038 |
| 35–49 years | 318 (30.7) | 17.5 | 5.5 | ||
| 50–64 years | 461 (44.5) | 18.0 | 5.6 | ||
| Above 65 years | 167 (16.2) | 18.9 | 5.9 | ||
| Education | Graduates | 101 (9.7) | 17.6 | 5.2 | 0.004 |
| HSC | 87 (8.4) | 17.5 | 4.5 | ||
| Secondary | 293 (28.3) | 17.4 | 5.4 | ||
| Primary | 323 (31.2) | 18.0 | 5.7 | ||
| Illiterate | 232 (22.4) | 19.2 | 6.1 | ||
| Occupation | Manual worker | 676 (65.1) | 16.8 | 5.6 | 0.016 |
| Nonmanual worker | 168 (9.2) | 18.5 | 5.7 | ||
| Unemployment/retired | 192 (18.5) | 18.2 | 5.4 | ||
| Monthly income | >20,000 BDT | 213 (20.6) | 17.9 | 5.8 | 0.748 |
| 15,000–20,000 BDT | 330 (31.8) | 18.1 | 5.2 | ||
| 10,001–15,000 BDT | 318 (30.7) | 18.3 | 6.0 | ||
| <10,000 BDT | 140 (13.5) | 17.5 | 5.3 | ||
| Depend on other | 35 (3.4) | 17.8 | 6.5 | ||
| Residence | Rural | 416 (40.1) | 17.7 | 4.8 (44.3) | 0.002 |
| Urban | 620 (59.9) | 19.5 | 5.2 (60.9) | ||
| Family history of diabetes | No | 627 (60.5) | 18.0 | 5.7 | 0.945 |
| Yes | 409 (39.5) | 18.0 | 5.4 | ||
| Physical exercise | Low (<30 min) | 349 (33.7) | 17.9 | 5.4 | 0.765 |
| High (≥30 min) | 687 (66.3) | 18.1 | 5.7 | ||
| MVPA | Less than the recommended level | 295 (28.3) | 19.6 | 5.6 | <0.001 |
| Recommended level | 741 (71.7) | 17.4 | 5.5 | ||
| Smoking habit | Nonsmoker | 852 (82.2) | 17.9 | 5.6 | 0.211 |
| Ex-smoker | 114 (11.0) | 17.9 | 6.0 | ||
| Current smoker | 70 (7.8) | 19.2 | 5.3 | ||
| BMI | Healthy weight | 261 (25.3) | 18.3 | 5.8 | 0.358 |
| Underweight | 38 (3.6) | 17.1 | 5.8 | ||
| Overweight | 439 (42.4) | 17.7 | 5.4 | ||
| Obese | 298 (28.7) | 18.3 | 5.8 | ||
| DDS | High | 318 (30.7) | 18.3 | 5.7 | 0.218 |
| Moderate | 477 (46.0) | 18.0 | 5.8 | ||
| Low | 241 (23.3) | 17.5 | 5.0 | ||
| Anxiety | No | 905 (87.4) | 17.5 | 5.3 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 131 (12.6) | 21.4 | 6.4 | ||
| Comorbidity | No | 607 (58.6) | 17.4 | 5.7 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 429 (41.4) | 18.7 | 5.4 | ||
| Read or listened to news about the COVID-19 | No | 503 (48.5) | 17.1 | 5.3 | 0.002 |
| Sometimes | 370 (35.7) | 19.1 | 5.6 | ||
| Always | 163 (15.8) | 18.4 | 5.7 | ||
| Transport difficulties | No | 886 (85.5) | 18.0 | 5.6 | 0.675 |
| Yes | 150 (14.5) | 18.0 | 5.7 | ||
| Limited self-care practice | No | 908 (87.6) | 17.7 | 5.6 | 0.279 |
| Yes | 128 (12.4) | 19.8 | 5.2 | ||
| Delayed care seeking | No | 837 (80.8) | 17.7 | 5.5 | 0.552 |
| Yes | 199 (19.2) | 19.1 | 5.7 | ||
| Unaffordable medicine | No | 658 (63.5) | 18.0 | 5.9 | 0.002 |
| Yes | 378 (36.5) | 17.9 | 5.1 | ||
| Medicine shortage | No | 804 (77.6) | 18.0 | 5.6 | 0.680 |
| Yes | 232 (22.4) | 18.1 | 5.5 | ||
| Staff shortage | No | 937 (90.4) | 17.6 | 5.5 | 0.802 |
| Yes | 99 (9.6) | 21.1 | 5.4 | ||
| Decreased inpatient capacity | No | 817 (78.9) | 16.9 | 5.0 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 219 (21.1) | 21.8 | 6.1 | ||
| A close friend or family member diagnosed with COVID-19 | No | 887 (85.6) | 17.2 | 5.1 | 0.111 |
| Yes | 149 (14.4) | 23.0 | 5.7 | ||
| Financial problems during COVID-19 | No | 553 (53.4) | 16.9 | 5.3 | 0.016 |
| Yes | 483 (46.6) | 19.2 | 5.7 | ||
BDT, Bangladeshi taka; BMI, body mass index; DDS, dietary diversity score; MVPA, moderate to vigorous physical activity.