Table 2.
Association between COVID-19 fear with demographic and healthcare characteristics
| Variables | Category | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 1 | |
| Female | 3.83 (1.83–6.38) | 0.004 | |
| Age | Below 35 years | 1 | |
| 35–49 years | 0.77 (0.32–1.89) | 0.576 | |
| 50–64 years | 1.28 (1.12–2.46) | 0.005 | |
| Above 65 years | 1.51 (1.09–3.16) | 0.041 | |
| Education | Graduates | 1 | |
| HSC | 0.76 (0.25–2.27) | 0.559 | |
| Secondary | 0.43 (0.17–1.04) | 0.056 | |
| Primary | 1.50 (1.18–2.30) | 0.013 | |
| Illiterate | 1.78 (1.28–2.79) | 0.021 | |
| Occupation | Manual worker | 1 | |
| Nonmanual worker | 2.31 (1.82–4.54) | 0.005 | |
| Unemployment or retired | 2.47 (1.76–4.17) | 0.001 | |
| Family monthly income | >20,000 BDT | 1 | |
| 15,000–20,000 BDT | 1.39 (1.26–2.51) | 0.029 | |
| 10,001–15,000 BDT | 0.85 (0.46–1.53) | 0.552 | |
| <10,000 BDT | 0.95 (0.45–2.01) | 0.884 | |
| Depend on other | 0.26 (0.09–0.75) | 0.013 | |
| Residence | Rural | 1 | |
| Urban | 2.51 (1.24–4.16) | 0.021 | |
| Family history of diabetes | No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.37 (0.85–2.13) | 0.22 | |
| Physical exercise | No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.37 (0.17–0.76) | 0.039 | |
| MVPA | Less than the recommended level | 1 | |
| Recommended level | 0.66 (0.34–0.82) | 0.019 | |
| Smoking habit | Nonsmoker | 1 | |
| Ex-smoker | 0.33 (0.15–0.70) | 0.005 | |
| Current smoker | 3.34 (1.42–5.32) | 0.030 | |
| BMI | Healthy weight | 1 | |
| Underweight | 0.39 (0.13–1.10) | 0.079 | |
| Overweight | 0.70 (0.40–1.21) | 0.219 | |
| Obese | 0.61 (0.33–1.12) | 0.112 | |
| DDS | High | 1 | |
| Moderate | 0.72 (0.43–1.19) | 0.208 | |
| Low | 1.21 (1.13–1.95) | 0.001 | |
| Anxiety | No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.66 (1.27–3.53) | 0.015 | |
| Comorbidity | No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.43 (1.19–2.24) | 0.025 | |
| Read or listened to news about the COVID-19 | No | 1 | |
| Sometimes | 3.15 (1.53–5.78) | 0.002 | |
| Always | 2.07 (1.13–3.06) | 0.024 | |
| Transport difficulties | No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.52 (0.27–2.98) | 0.244 | |
| Limited self-care practice | No | 1 | |
| Yes | 3.49 (1.27–5.76) | 0.015 | |
| Delayed care seeking | No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.93 (0.51–1.77) | 0.991 | |
| Unaffordable medicine | No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.13 (1.03–1.92) | 0.038 | |
| Medicine shortage | No | 1 | |
| Yes | 2.27 (1.24–4.16) | 0.008 | |
| Staff shortage | No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.31 (0.51–3.39) | 0.625 | |
| Decreased inpatient capacity | No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.98 (0.46–2.11) | 0.968 | |
| A close friend or family member diagnosed with COVID-19 | No | 1 | |
| Yes | 3.83 (1.42–6.35) | 0.008 | |
| Financial problems during COVID-19 | No | 1 | |
| Yes | 2.92 (1.54–4.58) | 0.007 |
BDT, Bangladeshi taka; BMI, body mass index; DDS, dietary diversity score; MVPA, moderate to vigorous physical activity; OR, odds ratios