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. 2023 Oct 3;14:1261298. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1261298

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Copyright © 2023 Kolb, Kempf and Martin

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Functional network of cytoprotective pathways versus aging associated insults. Living cells experience a insults that usually initiate (green arrows) an adaptive, protective/repair response (red arrows) for maintaining cell functions, or there is replacement by newly differentiated cells. During the aging process, the adaptive response fails to maintain a normal physiological state of cells, Progenitor/stem cell activity is diminished, and there is concomitant dysfunction of the microbiota. Mitoch., mitochondrial.