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. 2023 Oct 3;14:1261298. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1261298

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Copyright © 2023 Kolb, Kempf and Martin

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Adaptive response to anabolic cell stress. Molecular signals of cell stress include radical oxygen species and other electrophiles, misfolded proteins and decreased ATP/AMP and ATP/ADP ratios because of enhanced ATP consumption. These signals initiate an adaptive response to increase cellular resistance and restore proper physiological functions, including activation and nuclear transfer of Nrf2, an unfolded protein response and stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinases. ROS, radical oxygen species; UPR, unfolded protein response; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinases, inflamm., inflammatory.