Table 1.

Genetic manipulation of anabolic hormone signaling versus lifespan.

Organism	Effect	References
Caenorhabditis elegans	Genetic impairment of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway extends lifespan.	(21–23)
Drosophila melanogaster	Genetic impairment of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway extends lifespan	(24)
Mouse strains	Genetic impairment of growth hormone expression or signaling extends lifespan	(25, 32, 33, 39)
	Genetic impairment of IGF-1 receptor expression modestly extends lifespan in females	(33–36)
	Genetic impairment of insulin receptor expression has modest or no effect on lifespan extension	(26–28)