Table I. Summary of major Nrf2-activating drugs targeting T cell and B cell responses in various pathological conditions.
| Compound | Cell Type | Mechanism of Action | Conditions | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BHA | Th1, Th2 | Electrophilic modification of Keap1 through Cys23, Cys151, Cys226, and Cys368 | Th1/Th2 balance in mice | (10, 114) |
| DMF | Th1, Th2, Th17, B cells | Electrophilic modification of Keap1-Cys151 | Multiple sclerosis | (41, 75, 89–95, 97–103, 111) |
| NaB | Tregs | Uncharacterized (potentially modifying Keap1 through Cys residues) | Autoimmune uveitis | (58) |
| Sulforaphane | Th1, Th17, B cells | Electrophilic modification of Keap1-Cys151 | Mixed granulocytic mouse model of asthma Collagen-induced arthritis mouse model |
(55–57, 74, 111) |
| tBHQ | Th1, Th2, B cells | Electrophilic modification of Keap1 through Cys23, Cys151, Cys273, Cys288, Cys226, and Cys368 | Th1/Th2 balance in mice IgM production by B cells |
(10, 50, 51, 70, 114) |
| Triterpenoids: CDDO-Im, CDDO-Me, CDDO-EA, CDDO-TFEA | Th1, Th17 | Electrophilic modification of Keap1 through Cys257, Cys288, Cys489, Cys513, and Cys613 and Tyr85 | Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (CDDO-Me, CDDO-EA, and CDO-TFEA) Multiple Sclerosis (CDDO-Im) |
(52, 56, 64, 115, 116) |
| 4-Octyl itaconate | Th0 | Alkylation of Keap1 cysteine residues 151, 257, 288, 273, and 297 | Juvenile idiopathic arthritis | (56, 117) |
| A-1396076 | Th0 | Uncharacterized (selective binding to Keap1) | Rat adjuvant-induced arthritis IFN-α accelerated lupus nephritis Rat MOG experimental autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Rat collagen-induced arthritis Mouse GPI-induced arthritis Collagen Ab-induced arthritis Mouse OVA lung inflammation |
(104) |
BHA, butylated hydroxyanisole; CDDO, 1-(2-cyano-3-,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oyl); CDDO-EA, CDDO-ethyl amide; CDDO-Me, CDDO-methyl ester; CDDO-TFEA, CDDO-trifluoethylamide; MOG, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein NaB, sodium butyrate.