Table 1. The summary of studies discovered benefit of Asian pigmented rice physicochemical properties and its implication in breast cancer. ²⁹ .

Author, year	Derived from	Compound	Samples	Settings	Findings	Conclusions
Liu et al., 2013	Black rice ethanolic extract using supercritical CO 2 extraction	Peonidine-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside	Human breast cancer cell lines and mice breast cancer model	In vitro (BT474, MDA-MB-453, HCC1569, MCF-7, SUM190, and MDA-MB-231) In vivo (female nude mice)	A significant decrease of cell proliferation in vitro and tumor size in vivo. Anti-proliferative activity was mediated by the inhibition of phospho-HER2 phospho-AKT phopspho-p44/42MAPK, and apoptosis induction via caspase 3/7.	Peonidine-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside compounds posed and potential as anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic in breast cancer therapy.
Luo et al., 2014	Black rice extract	BRA-90 anthocyanins (BRACs)	Human breast cancer cell lines	In vitro (MCF7, MDA-MB-453 and MCF10A) In vivo (female BALB/c mice)	In a concentration-dependent way, BRACs reduced the activity of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, a factor that promotes transfer, and they also inhibited migration, adhesion, motility, and invasion (u-PA). In addition, BRACs also diminished lung tumor nodules in mice and blocked pulmonary metastasis and tumor development.	Through the suppression of molecules that promote metastasis, BRAC has anti-metastatic potential against human breast cancer cells that are ErbB2-positive.
Chung et al., 2015	Methanolic extract of three Korean cultivars rice; ilpum, Heugjinju, and Jeogjinju. And one japonica weedly rice cultivars; WD-3	3-Phenylpropanoic acid, 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2-Propenoic acid, 3-phenyl-, methyl ester, 2-Propenoic acid, 3-(4-hydrocxyphenyl)-, methyl ester, 2-Prepenoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-, (Z)-, 2-Propenoic acid, 3-(3-hyroxyphenyl)-, methyl ester, Cinnamic acid [(2E)-3-Phenylacrylic acid, Hexadecanoicacid	Human breast cancer cell lines	In vitro (MCF-7)	The WD-3 hull extract decreased cell growth and induced G0/G1 phase arrest by inhibiting cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. Inhibition of p21 expression decreased the G1 phase arrest induced by WD-3 extract. Cinnamic acid derivatives were found to be the primary active ingredients in the F4 fractioned from WD-3.	The most phenolic substance was found in the pigmented wild rice hulls (WD-3). The primary ingredients that assist growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest in breast cancer cells are cinnamic acid and its derivatives.
Pintha et al, 2014	Ethanolic extract of red jasmine rice and its fraction (n-hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate	Proanthocyanidin, γ-oryzanol, γ-tocotrienol, γ-tocopherol	Human breast cancer lines	In vitro (HT1080 and MDA-MB-231)	Ethanolic ectract of red jasmine rice (ECC) and its fraction (hexane (Hex) and dichloromethane (DCM)) were able to inhibit HT1080 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell invasion. However, the highest potency showed by Hex and DCM than ECC. Moreover, ethyl acetate fraction had no effect.	The anti-invasion potential of red jasmine rice extract caused by the activity of the bioactive content through the inhibition of MMPs secretion and activity.
Pintha et al., 2015	Ethanolic extract of red jasmine rice and its fraction (n-hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate	Proanthocyanidin	Human breast cancer cell lines	In vitro (MDA-MB-231)	Through the inhibition of ECM degradation-associated proteins like matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase, urokinase plasminogen activator, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, and plasminogen activator-1, proanthocyanidin rich fraction from red rice (PRFR) inhibited MDA-MB-231 invasion. Additionally, it significantly reduced the release of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and interleukin-6, as well as collagenase and MMP9 activities.	Proanthocyanidin from red rice (PRFR) inhibited the invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells via modulating the expression of invasion-associated proteins, presumably by inhibiting NF-κB activity.
Baek et al., 2015	Methanolic extract of three Korean cultivars; Ilpum, Heungjinju, Jeogjinju, and one Japonica weedy rice; WD-3	Phenolic Flavonoid	Human breast cancer cell lines	In vitro (MCF-7, B16F10, M-3, and YD-38 cell)	Pigmented rice bran and hull extracts had significantly higher levels of phenolic and flavonoidic compounds, DPPH radical scavenging activities, and reducing abilities than Ilpum extracts. In human breast, melanoma, and oral cancer cells, hull extracts shown more cytotoxicity than bran extracts, with Heugjinju hull extract being the most powerful. Cellular shrinkage, DNA breakage, and nuclear condensation suggest that hull extract-mediated.	Hull extracts showed greater potential than bran extracts in terms of cytotoxicity in human breast, melanoma, and oral cancer cells, where Heugjinju hull extract being the most potent.
Chen et al., 2015	Black rice extract	Anthocyanins (BRACs)	Human breast cancer cell lines	In vitro (MDA-MB-453)	BRACs inhibited the migration and invasiveness of MDA-MB-453 HER+ cells through RAF/MAPK pathway showed by the inhibitory effect of BRACs against siRNA-mediated RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. In addition, BRACs also reduced the expression of metastatic related protein such as raf, mek, and jnk in MDA-MB-453 cells. This extract aslo tend to suppress the phosphorilation of RAF and MAPKs protein. The antimetastatic effect of BRACs was mediated by the ability of this extract on the inhibition of MMP2 and MMP9 expression.	BRACs suppressed the migration and invasion HER2+ breast cancer (MDA-MB-453) through the inhibition of RAF/MAPK pathway. Besides, BRACs also showed anti-metastatic effect mediated by the inhibition of MMP2 and MMP9 protein expression.
Zhou et al., 2017	Black rice extract	Anthocyanins (BRACs)	Human breast cancer cell lines	In vitro (MCF10A, MCF7, and MDA-MB-453)	BRACs inhibited the invasive ability of HER-2-positive human breast cancer cells, resulting in a 68% reduction in the number of invaded cells. They also reduced the HER-2-positive human breast's migration distance from cancer cells by 37% when compared to the control cells group that was not treated.	Metastasis suppression by BRACs mediated through cSrc/FAK/p130Cas pathway which is one the most pivotal pathway in breast cancer.
Ghasemzadeh et al., 2018	Methanolic extract of black, red, and brown rice bran	Cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, catechin, myrecetin, and quercetin.	Human breast cancer cell lines	In vitro (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-453)	Different coloured rice brans varied significantly in their phytochemical contents and biological activity. Black rice bran has the greatest phytochemical concentration, followed by red and brown rice bran. Except for ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid, the concentration of the free phenolic and flavonoid compounds was much greater than that of the bound compounds. Black rice bran extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity, followed by red and brown rice bran extracts. With half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 148.6 and 119.2 mg/mL against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, respectively, extracts of black rice bran demonstrated strong antiproliferative activity in contrast to the activity of the extracts of red rice bran (175.0 and 151.0 mg/mL, respectively) and brown rice bran (382.3 and 346.1 mg/mL, respectively).	The highest antioxidant and anti-proliferative activity was black rice extract followed by red and brown rice.
Teng et al., 2020	Black rice extract	Anthocyanins (BRACs)	Murine breast cancer cell lines	In vitro (4T1) In vivo (female BALB/c)	BRE contained 25% anthocyanins inhibited the metastasis of 4T1 cancer cell lines by suppression EMT through the reduction of snail, vimentin, and E-cadherin expression. The in vivo study showed that this extract has no obvious systemic toxicity on the mice.	BRE able to suppress EMT and metastasis through the inhibition of metastasis related molecules. This extract has low toxicity and cause no obvious systemic toxicity.