Table 1.
Epidemiology and clinical evidence of bisphenol exposure on fetal and neonatal growth outcome.
| EDCs | Subjects | Sample types | Assays | Key findings | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BPA and BPA-glucuronide | Mother-infant pairs (n=60) | Maternal serum and cord blood | Bisphenol and steroid hormone | -Positive relationship between cord blood estradiol, BPA and maternal BPA levels. -Cord blood testosterone from male infants showed a negative correlation with maternal BPA |
(159) |
| BPA | Overweight (n=26) and age-match normal weight pregnant women (n=32) | Placenta | GLUT1 and GLUT4 in placental explants exposed to BPA (1 nM and 1 μM) | -↑ GLUT1 expression in normal weight -↓ GLUT1 expression in overweight -GLUT4 expression lower in the overweight explants |
(22) |
| BPA | Mother- child pairs in third trimester (n=788) and neonate (n=366) | Urine | BPA exposure & fetal and neonatal growth outcome | -Negative correlation between BPA exposure and intrauterine linear growth -Positive association with volume growth during childhood |
(160) |
| BPA and phthalates | Mother-child pairs (n=488) | Urine | Prenatal BPA and phthalate exposure, fetal growth, and birth outcomes at 12, 20, and 34 weeks of pregnancy | -Prenatal phthalate metabolite (MBzP) exposure positively associated with femur length at 20-34 weeks and birth weight among boys. -Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) negatively associated with head circumference at 12-20 weeks. |
(161) |
| BPA | Pregnant women (n=219) | Urine | BPA exposure, fetal growth, and birth outcomes | -Women with creatinine-normalized BPA>4.22 μg/g had lower growth rates for fetal weight and head circumference than women with lower creatinine-normalized BPA | (162) |
| BPA | Mother-new born pairs (n=97) | Maternal and umbilical cord blood | BPA exposure and birth outcomes | -Elevated risks of low birth weight, short gestation, and altered secretion of leptin and adiponectin observed in male newborns | (163) |
| BPA, BPS, and BPF | Pregnant woman before delivery (n=1197) | Urine | Urine bisphenol and fetal growth parameters | -Maternal urinary BPA and BPF negatively related to birth length and positively associated with ponderal index. -BPS exposure associated with short gestational age only in girls. |
(164) |
| BPA, BPS, and BPF | Pregnant women third trimester (n=322) | Urine | Urine bisphenol and fetal growth parameters | -Gender difference in the association of maternal urinary BPA concentrations and fetal head circumference. -Maternal urinary BPF showed an inverse and positive associations with abdominal circumference and femur length respectively |
(165) |
| BPB, BPF, BPS, TBBPA (tetrabromobisphenol A) | Mother-infant pairs (n=2023) | Serum | Serum bisphenol and birth size | -Serum BPA and TBBPA negatively correlated with birth weight -Higher BPF was associated with decreasing birth weight and ponderal index. |
(166) |
| BPA, BPS and BPF | Pregnant women (n=845) | Urine | Urine bisphenol and size at birth | -Urinary BPF and BPS positively associated with lower birth weight, birth length, or ponderal index | (167) |
| BPA, BPS and BPF | Pregnant women (n=1379) | Urine | Urine bisphenol and birth outcomes | -BPS exposure associated with larger fetal head circumference, higher weight and lower risk for small size for gestation age | (168) |
| BPA, BPS and BPF | Twin-pregnant women (n=289) | Urine | Urine bisphenol and birth outcomes differences in twins | -Urinary BPA positively associated with the within-pair birth weight and birth length differences across pregnancy trimesters | (169) |
| BPA | Pregnant women (n=120) | Urine and serum | Urinary bisphenol, serum β-hCG and anthropometry | -No significant association existed between BPA and β-hCG with birth outcomes | (170) |
| BPS | Pregnant women (n=985) | Urine | Urinary BPS and birth outcomes | -Higher maternal urinary BPS associated with increased gestational age | (171) |
“↑” and “↓” indicate up and down-regulated respectively.