Table 2.
Phthalates exposure, pregnancy risks and growth & development of the newborns: epidemiological and clinical data.
| Subjects | Sample types | Parameters# | Key findings | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pregnant women (n=463) | Urine and blood | Phthalate metabolites (12) and maternal hormones | -MnBP and ∑DEHP positively associated with TSH, while MEP and MnBP inversely associated with free thyroxine and total triiodothyronine | (231) |
| Mother-infant pairs (n=65) | Maternal blood and cord blood | Phthalate metabolites (10) and birth outcomes | -MBzP, MMP, MiBP, and ∑DEHP in maternal blood inversely correlated with the anogenital index (AGI) of male infants. -MOP, MMP, MiBP, MnBP, and MBzP wepositively correlated with the AGI of female infants. Cord blood levels of MnBP, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)-phthalate, MEHP, and ∑DEHP inversely associated with head circumference. |
(149) |
| Pregnant women (n=165) | Urine | Phthalate metabolites (11) and birth outcomes | -Phthalate exposure inversely associated with shorter pregnancy and a decreased head circumference | (232) |
| Pregnant women (n=149) | Urine | Phthalate esters (9), PAHs and birth outcomes | -No effect of phthalate metabolite and PAHs on birth outcomes | (233) |
| Mother- new born pairs (n=72) | Urine, serum | Phthalate metabolites, birth outcomes and maternal hormones | -Positive correlation between neonatal anthropometric parameters (gestational age, birth length, birth weight, head circumference) and maternal concentration of phthalate metabolites | (234) |
| Pregnant women (n=121) | Urine | Phthalate metabolites (4) and anthropometry | -Association of maternal MBzP and MEHHP with the birth weight of female newborns. -MBP and MBzP negative associated with the head circumference in male and female newborns, respectively |
(235) |
| Pregnant women (n=158) | Amniotic fluid | Phthalate metabolites (4) and anthropometry | -No association between phthalate metabolites and newborns anthropometric parameters. | (236) |
| Pregnant women (n=3474) | Urine | Phthalate metabolites (7) and birth weights | -MMP and MEP exposure during pregnancy associated with a decreased birth weight of infants | (237) |
| Pregnant women (n=3474) | Urine | Phthalate metabolites (7) and GDM | -MMP, MEP, MnBP, MBzP, and MEHHP exposure positively correlated with the fasting blood glucose in the third trimester, while MEHP and MEOHP exposure negatively correlated | (238) |
| Pregnant women (n=434) | Urine | Phthalate metabolites (19) and hormones | -Positive associations between phthalate metabolites, maternal estrogens, and testosterone | (239) |
| Pregnant women (n=299) | Urine | Phthalate metabolites (19) and gestational age-specific z-scores (GWGz) | -Sums of metabolites of ƩDEHP, ƩDiNCH, and ƩDEHTP had consistent inverse associations with GWGz | (240) |
| Pregnant women (n=677) | Urine and serum | Phthalate metabolites (19) and nine serum hormones | -Maternal testosterone positively associated with MHBP, and inversely associated with MEP. -Maternal CRH inversely associated with MCNP, MCPP, MECPP, MEHHP, and MEOHP. |
(241) |
| Mother-infant pairs (n=553) | Urine and cord blood | Urinary phthalate metabolites and cord blood glucocorticoids | -MBzP in the first trimester associated with a higher cortisol/cortisone ratio. -MECPP and MEOHP measured in the third trimester were correlated with decreased cortisone. |
(242) |
# The number of phthalate metabolites measured are indicated within bracket. Elaboration of abbreviated phthalate metabolites are followed as : Mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP); mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP); mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP); mono carboxyisononyl phthalate (MCNP); mono hydroxybutyl phthalate (MHBP); di(isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (ƩDiNCH); di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (ƩDEHTP); Mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP); mono-oxo-iso-nonyl phthalate (MOiNP); mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxylhexyl) phthalate (MEOHP); mono-methyl phthalate (MMP); mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP); mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP); mono-n-octyl phthalate (MOP); mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP); and the metabolite of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), which were mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate.