Table 3. Relative Risk for Residents Receiving Industry Payments.
| Variable | Relative risk (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Type of sponsoring institution | ||
| For-profit | 3.50 (2.32-5.28) | <.001 |
| Nonprofit | 2.00 (1.36-2.93) | <.001 |
| Government, local | 1.48 (0.87-2.52) | .15 |
| Government, state | 1.45 (0.98-2.14) | .07 |
| Government, federal | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Medical specialty | ||
| Orthopedic surgery | 3.21 (2.73-3.77) | <.001 |
| Urology | 2.95 (2.44-3.56) | <.001 |
| General surgery | 1.21 (1.00-1.45) | .05 |
| Obstetrics and gynecology | 1.30 (1.05-1.62) | .02 |
| Family medicine | 1.15 (0.97-1.36) | .12 |
| Internal medicine | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Resident gendera | ||
| Men | 1.09 (1.06-1.13) | <.001 |
| Women | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Otherb | 0.85 (0.73-0.99) | .04 |
| PD receipt of payment | 1.01 (1.01-1.01) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; PD, program director.
a
Gender identification was based on data provided by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC).
b
Refers to individuals who are nonbinary, declined to identify, or gave no information.