Table 4.
Virtual reality breathing studies: biofeedback sensors and interactive devices.
| Study | Biofeedback sensors | VRa apparatus |
| Abushakra et al [7], 2014 | Unspecified microphone and smartphone | Unspecified apparatus |
| Betka et al [49], 2022 | Go Direct chest strap [67] | Zeiss VR ONEPLUS [68] |
| Blum et al [25], 2019 | Polar H7 chest strap [69] | Oculus Rift CV1 [70] |
| Blum et al [10], 2020 | Polar H10 chest strap [71] | Oculus Rift CV1 [70] |
| Brammer et al [41], 2021 | Unspecified chest strap | Unspecified apparatus |
| Charoensook et al [31], 2019 | Zephyr BioHarness Physiology Monitoring System [72] | HTC Vive [73] |
| van Delden et al [5], 2020 | Air Next (NuvoAir) spirometer [74] | Unspecified apparatus |
| Feinberg et al [47], 2022 | Not reported | Oculus Quest [75] |
| Gummidela et al [45], 2022 | Zephyr BioHarness chest strap [72] | Nexus 6P smartphone [76] |
| Heng et al [43], 2020 | Arduino Uno [77], Rev C. Wind Sensor chip ESP8266 [78], and ESP-01S Wi-Fi module [79] | Unspecified apparatus |
| Hu et al [35], 2021 | Arduino Uno [77], gas pressure sensor (XGZP6857A) [80], and voltage conversion module [81] | Unspecified apparatus |
| Jung et al [27], 2020 | Nonin 3150 probe [82] | VR headset by Pico Interactive Goblin [83] |
| Kluge et al [36], 2021 | EquiVital biosensor [84] | Oculus Rift [85] |
| Ladakis et al [37], 2021 | Scosche Rhythm+ [86] and Moodmetric Ring [87] | Oculus Go [88] |
| Mevlevioğlu et al [38], 2021 | Shimmer device [89] and MyndPlay BrainBand [90] | HTC Vive [73], GeForce GTX Titan X [91] graphics card, and Intel i7-5820k processor [92] |
| Michela et al [44], 2022 | Inductance plethysmography (RIP) belt Plux S.A [93] and Polar H10 chest strap [71] | HTC Vive [73] |
| Patibanda et al [34], 2017 | Breathing+ system sensor [94] | Unspecified apparatus |
| Prpa et al [26], 2018 | Two Thought Technology respiration sensors [95] | Oculus Rift SDK2 [85] |
| Quintero et al [32], 2019 | Samsung smartwatch Gear Sport [96] | Samsung Galaxy S9 [97] and Samsung Gear VR [98] |
| Rockstroh et al [39], 2021 | VR controllers [99] | Oculus Quest VR [75] |
| Rodrigues et al [50], 2022 | Unspecified oximeter and sphygmomanometer equipment | Oculus Realidade Virtual 3D Gamer Warrior JS080 [100] |
| van Rooij et al [40], 2016 | Unspecified stretch sensor | Unspecified apparatus |
| Rutkowski et al [42], 2021 | Unspecified sensor | VR TierOne device [101] |
| Shih et al [24], 2019 | Mindmedia’s NeXus respiration sensor [102] | Unspecified apparatus |
| Soyka et al [28], 2016 | g.RESPsensor Piezo-electric crystal respiration effort sensor [103] | Oculus Rift DK1 [85] |
| Desnoyers-Stewart et al [33], 2019 | Biosignalplux breathing sensor [93] | HTC Vive [73] and a projection (6.5×3.66 m) |
| Tabor et al [8], 2020 | Blue Yeti microphone [104] | Unspecified apparatus |
| Tao et al [46], 2020 | Adafruit Feather M0 Bluefruit LE [80], ATSAMD21G18 ARM Cortex M0 processor [105], and MEMS microphone [106] | Oculus VR [75] |
| Tatzgern et al [48], 2022 | Sensirion SFM3300 mass flow sensor [107], 3M 6000 series respirator mask [108], and Motor SG-90 servomotor [109] | Oculus Quest 2 head-mounted display [75] |
| Tinga et al [29], 2018 | Respiratory effort transducer SS5LB [110] and BIOPAC System Inc wireless B-Alert X10 system (ABM) [111] | Oculus Rift DK2 [85] |
| Tu et al [6], 2020 | Empatica E4 emp [112] and Hexoskin t-shirt [113] | Google cardboard GGC [114] |
| Zafar et al [30], 2018 | Zephyr BioHarness 3.0 chest strap [71] | LG Nexus 4 smartphone [115] |
aVR: virtual reality.