TABLE 1.

Characteristics of enrolled drug‐naïve patients.

Characteristics	Total (N = 95)	Original set (N = 78)	External validation set (N = 17)	p
Age (years)	58.05 ± 10.22	57.75 ± 10.83	59.43 ± 6.79	0.540
Gender (M/F)	51/44	44/34	7/10	0.254
MMSE	27 (18–30)	27 (20–30)	25 (18–30)	0.052
Education (years)	9 (0–22)	9 (0–22)	6 (0–12)	0.028*
Disease Duration (years)	1.60 (0.01–7.92)	1.64 (0.01–7.92)	1.51 (0.24–3.88)	0.374
UPDRS III	20 (4–68)	19 (4–68)	23 (7–41)	0.638
Akinetic‐rigid severity	14 (1–49)	13 (1–49)	15 (3–28)	0.610
Tremor severity	3 (0–15)	3 (0–15)	4 (0–8)	0.758
Hoehn and Yahr stage	2 (1–3)	2 (1–3)	2 (1–3)	0.879

Note: According to the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, variables (i.e., age) with normal distribution were presented as average ± standard deviation and compared with a two‐sample t‐test, and variables (education, MMSE, disease duration, UPDRS III, tremor severity, akinetic‐rigid severity, and H‐Y stage) with non‐normal distribution were presented as median (range) and compared with Mann–Whitney test. The qualitative variable (i.e., gender) was compared with the Chi‐square test. *p < 0.05.

Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination; UPDRS III, The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III.