Table 2.
Financial debt, worry about debt and mental health in the Japanese general population
| Suicidal ideation (n = 3317)† | Depression (n = 3635)† | Anxiety (n = 3635)† | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
| Financial debt | ||||||
| No debt - no worry | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Worry - no debt | 4.00 (2.45–6.53)*** | 2.18 (1.26–3.78)** | 3.62 (2.42–5.40)*** | 2.42 (1.41–4.16)** | 3.20 (2.00-5.13)*** | 1.29 (0.70–2.40) |
| Debt - no worry | 1.20 (0.73-2.00) | 1.31 (0.76–2.28) | 0.93 (0.62–1.41) | 0.87 (0.51–1.47) | 0.98 (0.59–1.64) | 0.91 (0.48–1.74) |
| Debt - worry | 3.45 (2.60–4.59)*** | 2.45 (1.76–3.40)*** | 2.51 (1.98–3.18)*** | 1.77 (1.28–2.45)*** | 2.25 (1.68–3.01)*** | 1.09 (0.73–1.61) |
| Sex (Female) | 1.22 (0.97–1.55) | 1.72 (1.30–2.27)*** | 0.80 (0.67–0.96)* | 1.07 (0.84–1.37) | 0.89 (0.71–1.11) | 1.23 (0.90–1.68) |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–34 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 35–59 | 0.61 (0.47–0.79)*** | 0.64 (0.46–0.87)** | 0.81 (0.65-1.00) | 0.77 (0.56–1.05) | 0.74 (0.58–0.96)* | 0.63 (0.44–0.91)* |
| ≥ 60 | 0.13 (0.09–0.19)*** | 0.21 (0.13–0.34)*** | 0.23 (0.18–0.30)*** | 0.34 (0.23–0.50)*** | 0.18 (0.13–0.26)*** | 0.28 (0.17–0.46)*** |
| Education | ||||||
| < Higher education | 0.92 (0.72–1.18) | 0.86 (0.65–1.14) | 1.14 (0.95–1.37) | 1.01 (0.78–1.29) | 1.23 (0.98–1.55) | 1.19 (0.87–1.63) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married/cohabiting | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Single (never married) | 2.71 (2.12–3.48)*** | 1.59 (1.15–2.20)** | 2.64 (2.18–3.20)*** | 1.49 (1.11-2.00)** | 2.19 (1.73–2.77)*** | 0.68 (0.47–0.98)* |
| Divorced/widowed | 1.13 (0.74–1.72) | 1.67 (1.04–2.68)* | 0.95 (0.68–1.31) | 1.15 (0.76–1.73) | 0.65 (0.41–1.03) | 0.59 (0.33–1.05) |
| Household income (yen) | ||||||
| 4- < 10 million | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| ≥ 10 million | 1.02 (0.63–1.65) | 1.14 (0.67–1.94) | 0.86 (0.58–1.27) | 0.69 (0.41–1.16) | 1.23 (0.78–1.95) | 1.69 (0.94–3.04) |
| < 4 million | 1.05 (0.79–1.40) | 0.92 (0.66–1.29) | 1.12 (0.90–1.38) | 0.88 (0.65–1.19) | 1.18 (0.89–1.56) | 1.27 (0.86–1.86) |
| Missing | 1.30 (0.96–1.76) | 0.92 (0.64–1.30) | 1.24 (0.98–1.56) | 0.78 (0.56–1.07) | 1.53 (1.15–2.04)** | 1.42 (0.95–2.13) |
| Household finances | ||||||
| Unchanged | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Improved | 1.90 (1.22–2.95)** | 1.16 (0.71–1.89) | 1.88 (1.34–2.64)*** | 1.07 (0.68–1.71) | 3.00 (2.02–4.44)*** | 2.56 (1.52–4.32)*** |
| Worsened | 2.19 (1.70–2.82)*** | 1.51 (1.13-2.00)** | 2.04 (1.68–2.47)*** | 1.27 (0.99–1.63) | 2.44 (1.89–3.15)*** | 1.72 (1.25–2.38)** |
| Self-rated health | ||||||
| Good/very good | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Fair | 1.54 (1.18–2.02)** | 1.38 (1.02–1.88)* | 2.10 (1.68–2.64)*** | 1.72 (1.29–2.28)*** | 1.94 (1.45–2.60)*** | 1.39 (0.96–2.02) |
| Poor/very poor | 2.51 (1.84–3.41)*** | 1.43 (0.98–2.09) | 5.91 (4.63–7.54)*** | 4.10 (2.97–5.66)*** | 5.75 (4.26–7.76)*** | 2.46 (1.65–3.69)*** |
| Social support | ||||||
| High | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Mid | 2.52 (1.59–3.99)*** | 1.53 (0.91–2.57) | 5.02 (3.45–7.32)*** | 3.22 (2.00-5.19)*** | 5.93 (3.73–9.41)*** | 2.81 (1.57–5.04)** |
| Low | 4.05 (2.90–5.64)*** | 1.71 (1.13–2.57)* | 10.96 (8.25–14.56)*** | 5.24 (3.64–7.53)*** | 10.03 (7.00-14.36)*** | 2.81 (1.77–4.47)*** |
| Missing | 1.96 (1.47–2.61)*** | 1.34 (0.97–1.85) | 3.80 (2.97–4.87)*** | 2.63 (1.95–3.54)*** | 3.95 (2.85–5.49)*** | 1.83 (1.22–2.75)** |
| Anxiety symptoms | 7.69 (5.83–10.16)*** | 2.59 (1.79–3.75)*** | 42.63 (31.70-57.31)*** | 23.08 (16.64–32.01)*** | ||
| Depression symptoms | 6.78 (5.26–8.73)*** | 2.36 (1.67–3.33)*** | 42.63 (31.70-57.31)*** | 23.05 (16.59–32.05)*** | ||
†Individuals included in the multivariable analysis
In the unadjusted Model 1 each variable was entered separately into the analysis. In the multivariable Model 2 all the variables were included in the analysis at the same time
All analyses were adjusted for location
As the final item of the PHQ-9 relates to suicidal ideation, in the suicidal ideation analysis we used the PHQ-8 with a cutoff score ≥ 10 for depressive symptoms
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; Ref: reference category
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001