Table 4.

Estimated time to pay off financial debts and mental health in the Japanese general population

	Suicidal ideation		Depression		Anxiety
	Model 1 †	Model 2 ††	Model 1 ‡	Model 2 ‡‡	Model 1 ‡	Model 2 ‡‡
	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)
Time to pay off debt
≤ 2 years	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
3–5 years	2.14 (1.08–4.22)*	2.88 (1.31–6.35)**	1.32 (0.76–2.30)	1.83 (0.85–3.93)	0.93 (0.48–1.80)	0.69 (0.28–1.72)
6–10 years	1.43 (0.66–3.11)	2.15 (0.85–5.44)	0.99 (0.52–1.90)	2.10 (0.89–4.96)	0.50 (0.21–1.18)	0.29 (0.09–0.91)*
> 10 years	1.33 (0.69–2.54)	2.18 (1.01–4.71)*	1.26 (0.76–2.11)	1.96 (0.96-4.00)	0.97 (0.54–1.77)	0.70 (0.30–1.64)

^† 610 individuals included in the analysis; ^††601 individuals included in the analysis; ^‡659 individuals included in the analysis; ^‡‡649 individuals included in the analysis

In the unadjusted Model 1 only the time period variable was entered into the analysis. The multivariable Model 2 was additionally adjusted for sex, age, education level, marital status, household income, household financial change, self-rated health, and social support. In addition, the suicidal ideation analysis was also adjusted for depression and anxiety, while the depression analysis was adjusted for anxiety and vice versa

All analyses were adjusted for location

As the final item of the PHQ-9 relates to suicidal ideation, in the suicidal ideation analysis we used the PHQ-8 with a cutoff score ≥ 10 for depressive symptoms

OR: odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; Ref: Reference category

*p < .05; **p < .01