Table 3.

Fluid management protocols included studies.

Reference	Study Design	Country	Sample Size	AKI Definition	Population	RRT	Intervention	Comparator	Assessment of Fluid Status	Duration of Intervention	Difference in FB	Outcome Measures
Ruste 2022	SC, before-after cohort	France	87 (42/45)	Not provided. On CRRT.	ICU; CRRT; Fluid overload >5%	RRT as inclusion criteria	Restrictive fluid, perfusion-based protocol with Ufnet 2 mL/kg/hr.	Standard care	Body weight or fluid balance	5 days or ‘dry weight'	Cumulative fluid balance day 5 or discharge (- 7784 mL vs - 3492; p = 0.04)	CFB (as shown); Weight-adjusted FB (−7% vs −4.6%; p = 0.03); Mortality at day 30 (38% vs 45%; p = 0.58); RRT-free days at day 30 (10 days vs 11 days; p = 0.73)
Vaara 2021	MC Pilot RCT	Europe & Australia	100 (50/50)	KDIGO	AKI, ICU <72hrs; No RRT	Non-RRT patients	Restrictive fluid management	Standard care	Fluid balance	72 h	FB at 72 h (−1080 mL vs 61 mL; p = 0.033)	CFB (as shown); Duration of AKI (2 days vs 3 days; p = 0.071); RRT (13% vs 30%; p = 0.04)

Abbreviations: AKI = acute kidney injury; SC = single centre; MC = multicentre; RCT = randomised controlled trial; CRRT = continuous renal replacement therapy; RRT = renal replacement therapy; ICU = intensive care unit; FB = fluid balance.