Table 2.

Results of Estimating Model of Facility Quality

Variable	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
	MI CS All facilities	MI CSIV All facilities	MI REIV All facilities	MI REIV NH only	MI REIV NH with skill mix
Facility structure
Not for profit	0.056**	0.020	0.027	−0.009	−0.003
	(0.015)	(0.016)	(0.016)	(0.035)	(0.035)
Nursing home	−0.038**	−0.036**	−0.037**
	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.012)
Dementia care	−0.044**	−0.039**	−0.043**	−0.029	−0.025
	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.017)	(0.018)
Size (log)	0.010	0.007	0.001	−0.021	−0.017
	(0.014)	(0.014)	(0.013)	(0.022)	(0.022)
Occupancy rate	0.004**	0.004**	0.004**	0.004**	0.004**
	(0.0004)	(0.0004)	(0.0004)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Competition (Herfindahl−Hirschman Index)	0.256**	0.245**	0.233**	0.416**	0.410**
	(0.062)	(0.063)	(0.063)	(0.105)	(0.104)
Staffing
Total staff (log)	−0.028**	−0.025	−0.018	−0.013	−0.016
	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.013)	(0.025)	(0.025)
Direct care staff to resident ratio	0.190**	0.179**	0.175**	0.153	0.156
	(0.047)	(0.048)	(0.047)	(0.086)	(0.086)
Direct care staff to resident ratio squared	−0.045**	−0.047**	−0.048**	−0.042	−0.040
	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.032)	(0.032)
Supervisor to direct care staff ratio	0.124*	0.111	0.111	0.134	0.139
	(0.058)	(0.059)	(0.060)	(0.129)	(0.129)
Female staff (%)	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001
	(0.0006)	(0.0006)	(0.0006)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Registered nurse (%)					0.144
					(0.109)
Training incidence
Dementia trained staff (%)	0.001**	0.001**	0.001**	0.001*	0.001*
	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.004)	(0.0003)
Dignity/PCC trained staff (%)	0.0002	0.0002	0.0001	−0.000005	−0.0001
	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0003)	(0.0005)	(0.0005)
Wage
Direct care staff hourly wage (£2018) (log)	0.207**	0.785**	0.705**	0.897**	0.849**
	(0.075)	(0.125)	(0.132)	(0.235)	(0.233)
Local-area controls	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES
Year	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES
Region	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES
Observations	12,055	12,055	12,055	4,617	4,617
Number of facilities	5,556	5,556	5,556	2,130	2,130
Imputations	50	50	50	50	50
Average RVI	0.143	0.153	0.187	0.168	0.182
Largest FMI	0.385	0.414	0.484	0.447	0.444

Notes: CS = cross-section; FMI = fraction of missing information; IV = instrumental variable; MI = multiple imputation; NH = nursing homes; PCC = person-centered care; REIV = random effects instrumental variable; RVI = relative variance inflation. Robust standard errors in parentheses (clustered at facility level). All models estimated are linear probability models using OLS. Local-area controls are Job Seeker’s Allowance uptake, pension credit uptake, attendance allowance uptake, and average house price (log).

*p < .05. **p < .01.