Fig 5. HP-induced increased MHV68 infection is dependent on vitamin A during the acute stage of MHV68 infection.

Mice were raised on a vitamin A deficient diet or a control diet and infected with HP followed by the MHV68.ORF73β-lactamase reporter virus. PECs were collected on day 2 and day 4 of MHV68 infection. (A) Timeline of infections with HP by oral gavage and MHV68 by intraperitoneal injection (10⁶ plaque forming units (PFU)). The time points shown in (B-H) are outlined by a red box. Partially created in BioRender. (B) Representative flow plots of LPMs (ICAM-2^hi CD11b^hi CD19-) and SPMs (CD11b+ ICAM-2^lo CD19-) in each of the infection states and diets at day 2 of MHV68 infection. (C) Quantification of flow cytometric analysis of LPMs at days 2 and 4 of MHV68 infection. LPMs were gated as CD19- CD11b^hi ICAM-2^hi. (D) Quantification of flow cytometric analysis of SPMs at days 2 and 4 of MHV68 infection. SPMs were gated as CD19- CD11b+ ICAM-2^lo. Data are pooled from 2 independent experiments (n = 7-12/group, mean ± standard deviation). Each dot represents an individual mouse. P-values, 2-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparisons. (E-H) Quantification of flow cytometric analysis of MHV68-infected PECs at day 2 and 4 of MHV68 infection. Data are pooled from 2 independent experiments (n = 7-12/group, mean ± standard deviation). Each dot represents an individual mouse. (E) Total number of MHV68-infected PECs. (F) Number of MHV68-infected LPMs. (G) Proportion of MHV68-infected LPMs out of total LPMs. (H) Number of MHV68-infected SPMs. (C-F) P-values, 2-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparisons. * P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01, *** P ≤ 0.001, **** P ≤ 0.0001.