Table 4.
Characteristics of DSCI surgery
| Studies | Animal species | Distraction methods | Surgical levels | Distraction distances | Distraction speeds | Periods after DSCIss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shimizu et al., 2018 | Long Evans rats | Bidirectional distractor device | T10 | 5 mm | 0.5 mm/s | Acute phases (0, 2, 24 h), subacute phases (3 and 7 d) |
| Wu et al., 2017 | Japanese white rabbits | Self-designed spine distractor | L1–L3 | 0% (control), 10%, 20%, and 30% of the length between the L1 and the L3 vertebral segments | 0.083 mm/s | Acute phases (0 min) |
| Wu et al., 2016 | Japanese white rabbits | Distractor to vary the percentage of spine distraction | L1–L3 | 0% (control), 10%, 20%, and 30% of the length between the L1 and the L3 vertebral segments | 0.083 mm/s | Acute phases (6 h) |
| Chen et al., 2016 | Sprague-Dawley rats | UBC multi-mechanism SCI apparatus | C5–C6 | 5.6 mm | Peak velocity 1 m/s | Subchronic phases (8 wk) |
| Hong et al., 2016 | Landrace and Yorkshire mixed pigs | Global osteotomy + continuous distraction | T13–L1 | > 3.6% of the TLSL for significant distraction; < 3.6% of the TLSL for the continuous spinal column distraction | Acute phases (0 min) | |
| Seifert et al., 2011 | Long-Evans rats | UTA spine distractor (distractor clamps and linear actuators) | T9–T11 | 0, 3, 5, 7 mm | 1 mm/s | Subacute phases (7 d) |
| Bell et al., 2017 | Long-Evans rats | Bidirectional spine distraction | C3–C6 | 5 mm | 0.5 mm/s | Acute phases (0, 0.5 h), Subacute phases (7 d) |
| Choo et al., 2008 | Sprague-Dawley rats | SCI multi-mechanism system | T9–T11 | 4.1 ± 0.03 mm | Acute phases (2 h) | |
| Wang et al., 2019 | Sprague-Dawley rats | Linear actuator | C5–C6 | 5.6 mm | Peak velocity 1.3 m/s | Subchronic phases (8 wk) |
| Qiu et al., 2015 | Goats | Osteotome + click-type stopper | T8–T12 | 7.4–18.2 mm | Subacute phases (3 d) | |
| Dolan et al., 1980 | Mongrel cats | Distraction apparatus | L2–L3 | 1.7 ± 0.2 cm in short stretch group; 2.7 ± 0.4 cm in long stretch group | 0.083 mm/s | Acute phases (2 min) |
| Choo et al., 2009 | Sprague-Dawley rats | Multi-mechanism injury system | C4–C5 | 5.1–6.1 mm (without flexion); 4.1–4.6 mm (with flexion) | Acute phases (5 min) | |
| Liu et al., 2004 | Sprague-Dawley adult rats | Special spinal retractor | T12–L3 | 0.1 mm/s | Acute phases (1, 6, 24 h) | |
| Liu et al., 2005 | Sprague-Dawley rats | A specially-designed spinal stretching device | T12–L3 | Acute phases (24 h), Subacute phases (3, 7, 14, and 21 d) | ||
| Yang et al., 2013 | Landrace and Yorkshire mixed pigs | Global osteotomy + distracter with stopper | T9 | 20.2 ± 4.7 mm | Acute phases (2 d) | |
| Guo et al., 2019 | Sprague-Dawley rats | Linear actuator | C5–C6 | 5.6 mm | Peak velocity 1.3 m/s | Subchronic phases (2, 4, 6, 8 wk) |
| Skinner and Transfeldt, 2009 | Pigs, young adult | Hook and rod distraction | Acute phases (0 min) | |||
| Jarzem et al., 1992 | Mix-breed dogs | Specially designed distraction apparatus | ||||
| Kling et al., 1985 | Mongrel dogs | Outrigger distraction unit | T7–T8 | 1–2 cm | ||
| Maiman et al., 1989 | Conditioned cat | Kistler distraction gauge | C2–T10 | Subacute and subchronic phases (2, 4, 6, 8 wk) | ||
| Han et al., 2022 | Experimental Bama pigs | Global osteotomy + gradually distraction with a spinal spreader | T14–L1 | 2 mm/min | Subacute phase (7 d) | |
| Liang et al., 2022 | Bama miniature pigs | Global osteotomy + gradually distraction with a spinal spreader | T14–L1 | 2 mm/min | Subacute phases (7 d) |
DSCI: Distraction spinal cord injury; SCI: spinal cord injury; TLSL: thoracolumbar spinal length; UBC: University of British Columbia; UTA: University of Texas at Arlington.