. 2023 May 24;32(14):2043–2055. doi: 10.1007/s10068-023-01319-9

Table 2.

Free oil yield and its geniposide and crocin content under different enzymatic hydrolysis process and different pre-treatment

Hydrolysis process	Single enzyme hydrolysis			Stepwise enzymatic hydrolysis
Hydrolysis process	Single enzyme hydrolysis			Without free oil removal at reaction interval				With oil removal at reaction interval
Combinative enzymes	Cel	Pec	Pro	Cel → Pro	Pec → Pro	Cel → Pec	Cel → Pec → Pro	Cel → Cel	Pec → Pec	Pec → Cel	Cel → Pec
Enzyme concentrations (%)	0.8	0.6	0.8	0.8, 0.6	0.6, 0.8	0.8, 0.6	0.8, 0.6, 0.6	0.8, 0.8	0.6, 0.6	0.6, 0.8	0.8, 0.6
pH	6	3.5	8.5	6 → 8.5	3.5 → 8.5	6 → 3.5	6 → 3.5 → 8.5	6	3.5	3.5 → 6	6 → 3.5
Incubation time (h)	1.5	2.5	4	1.5 + 4	2.5 + 4	1.5 + 2.5	1.5 + 2.5 + 4	1.5 + 1.5	2.5 + 2.5	2.5 + 1.5	1.5 + 2.5
Incubation temperature (°C)	50	50	60	50 → 60	50 → 60	50	50 → 50 → 60	50	50	50	50
Non-pre-treatment
FOY (%)	12.45 ± 0.32^a	12.42 ± 0.62^a	12.58 ± 0.40^ab	14.96 ± 0.58^de	14.52 ± 0.36^cde	13.03 ± 0.27^e	15.32 ± 0.31^f	13.75 ± 0.43^bcde	13.50 ± 0.17^abcd	13.36 ± 0.75^abc	13.46 ± 0.60^abcd
*Geniposide (%)	0.48 ± 0.07^ab	0.61 ± 0.03^a	0.50 ± 0.12^ab	0.37 ± 0.09^ab	0.44 ± 0.07^ab	0.39 ± 0.06^ab	0.27 ± 0.09^b	0.41 ± 0.05^ab	0.48 ± 0.0.07^ab	0.48 ± 0.02^ab	0.45 ± 0.03^ab
*Crocin (%)	1.07 ± 0.25^ac	1.52 ± 0.04^b	1.34 ± 0.14^bc	0.83 ± 0.12^ad	1.06 ± 0.08^ac	0.94 ± 0.12^acd	0.66 ± 0.05^d	1.08 ± 0.12^ac	1.22 ± 0.03^abc	1.24 ± 0.13^abc	1.01 ± 0.11^ac
DP pre-treatment (0.6 MPa)
FOY (%)	16.81 ± 0.54^a	16.51 ± 0.25^a	14.46 ± 0.36^b	16.82 ± 0.61^a	16.46 ± 0.32^a	16.97 ± 0.41^a	17.85 ± 0.54^c	19.65 ± 0.34^d	19.31 ± 0.59^d	19.39 ± 0.28^d	19.42 ± 0.56^d
*Geniposide (%)	0.43 ± 0.07^ab	0.58 ± 0.04^b	0.55 ± 0.10^b	0.33 ± 0.06^a	0.41 ± 0.02^ab	0.39 ± 0.12^ab	0.20 ± 0.03^c	0.39 ± 0.09^a	0.41 ± 0.05^ab	0.42 ± 0.06^ab	0.41 ± 0.03^ab
*Crocin (%)	0.70 ± 0.02^a	1.07 ± 0.05^b	0.97 ± 0.03^b	0.61 ± 0.02^ac	0.71 ± 0.03^a	0.43 ± 0.10^c	0.21 ± 0.01^d	0.65 ± 0.06^a	1.00 ± 0.01^b	0.98 ± 0.15^b	0.61 ± 0.03^ac
WP pre-treatment (100 °C)
FOY (%)	15.64 ± 0.71^ab	15.44 ± 0.50^ab	14.08 ± 0.56^a	15.46 ± 0.43^ab	15.31 ± 0.51^ab	15.39 ± 0.39^ab	16.69 ± 0.31^bc	18.23 ± 0.42^c	17.86 ± 0.43^c	18.09 ± 0.5^c	18.30 ± 0.65^c
*Geniposide (%)	0.46 ± 0.05^ab	0.55 ± 0.13^a	0.57 ± 0.02^a	0.40 ± 0.03^ab	0.42 ± 0.13^ab	0.39 ± 0.08^ab	0.24 ± 0.06^b	0.35 ± 0.05^ab	0.47 ± 0.01^ab	0.39 ± 0.11^ab	0.42 ± 0.04^ab
*Crocin (%)	0.83 ± 0.03^a	1.39 ± 0.07^b	1.23 ± 0.01^b	0.63 ± 0.05^c	0.97 ± 0.02^ad	0.63 ± 0.12^c	0.50 ± 0.03^c	0.80 ± 0.12^a	1.22 ± 0.03^b	1.05 ± 0.11^d	0.83 ± 0.07^a

Values were the mean ± SD of three gardenia seed oils which was analyzed in triplicate. Significant differences between the two processes in the same column without the same letter (p > 0.05). *Crocin, geniposide (%) means mass percentage relative to hydrolysate obtained by AEE