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. 2023 Oct 18;8:398. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01641-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Contribution of S100A12 to COVID-19 cytokine storms in severe disease. a UMAP projections of PBMCs. Colored based on the 8 major cell types (top left), 3 hyper-inflammatory cell subtypes (top right), cytokine (Middle) and inflammatory score (Bottom). b Pie charts depicting the relative contribution of each inflammatory cell subtype to the cytokine and inflammatory scores. c Heatmap depicting the expression of cytokines within each hyper-inflammatory cell subtype identified. d Bar chart depicting the relative contribution of the top 10 cytokines in COVID-19 patients with acute necrotizing encephalopathy. e Pie charts depicting the relative contribution of each cell subtype to the S100A12-score. f Box plots depicting the S100A12, TLR4 and MYD88 gene expression scores between different groups. Significant differences were determined with a two-sided Student’s T-test with Bonferroni correction. Standard Error (SE) and median are shown. g Heatmap of the sum of significant interaction among the 3 hyper-inflammatory cell subtypes. h Circos plot depicting the ligand-receptor pair interactions between the 3 hyper-inflammatory cell subtypes