Table 2.
Multivariable logistic regression analysis of depression and health-related, socio-demographic and household characteristics of older adults in India, the Longitudinal Aging Study in India, 2017–2019.
| Depression among older adults (60+ years) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | |||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Health-related characteristics | ||||
| Self-rated health [ref = (Good)] | ||||
| Average | 1.50*** | (1.14, 1.98) | 1.25* | (0.97, 1.62) |
| Poor | 2.95*** | (2.19, 3.95) | 2.28*** | (1.74, 2.98) |
| Chronic morbidity status (ref = No condition) | ||||
| Single condition | 1.31*** | (1.10, 1.56) | 1.05 | (0.90, 1.22) |
| Multiple conditions | 1.40*** | (1.16, 1.68) | 1.32*** | (1.13, 1.55) |
| Physical activity status (ref = Physically inactive) | ||||
| Physically active | 1.23** | (1.03, 1.48) | 1.31*** | (1.12, 1.52) |
| Difficulty in ADL (ref = No difficulty) | ||||
| Faces difficulty | 1.63*** | (1.37, 1.93) | 1.67*** | (1.45, 1.92) |
| Difficulty in IADL (ref = No difficulty) | ||||
| Faces difficulty | 1.57*** | (1.34, 1.86) | 1.42*** | (1.23, 1.65) |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||
| Social participation (ref = Socially active) | ||||
| Socially inactive | 1.33** | (1.04, 1.70) | 1.38*** | (1.15, 1.67) |
| Living arrangement satisfaction (ref = Satisfied) | ||||
| Neutral | 1.68*** | (1.42, 2.00) | 1.27*** | (1.09, 1.48) |
| Not satisfied | 2.69*** | (2.12, 3.42) | 2.45*** | (2.01, 2.98) |
| Received ill-treatment (ref = No) | ||||
| Yes | 2.79*** | (2.20, 3.54) | 2.56*** | (2.10, 3.13) |
| Age (in years) | 0.97*** | (0.96, 0.98) | 0.99 | (0.99, 1.00) |
| Level of education (in years) | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.02) | 0.99 | (0.97, 1.01) |
| Marital status (ref = Currently married) | ||||
| Currently not married | 0.92 | (0.60, 1.41) | 0.69 | (0.43, 1.11) |
| Widowed | 1.49*** | (1.24, 1.79) | 1.20*** | (1.05, 1.38) |
| Working status [ref = (Currently working)] | ||||
| Currently not working | 1.10 | (0.92, 1.32) | 0.94 | (0.78, 1.13) |
| Never worked | 1.06 | (0.74, 1.50) | 0.78*** | (0.64, 0.94) |
| Retired | 1.03 | (0.80, 1.34) | 0.94 | (0.58, 1.51) |
| Household characteristics | ||||
| Household MPCE quintile (ref = Poorest) | ||||
| Poorer | 0.96 | (0.77, 1.21) | 0.97 | (0.80, 1.16) |
| Middle | 1.05 | (0.84, 1.32) | 0.75*** | (0.61, 0.91) |
| Richer | 1.27** | (1.02, 1.60) | 0.98 | (0.81, 1.19) |
| Richest | 1.46*** | (1.16, 1.83) | 1.11 | (0.91, 1.35) |
| Religion of household (ref = Hinduism) | ||||
| Islam | 0.99 | (0.80, 1.24) | 1.12 | (0.93, 1.36) |
| Others | 0.72** | (0.56, 0.93) | 0.99 | (0.80, 1.22) |
| Caste of household (ref = Scheduled tribe) | ||||
| Scheduled caste | 1.70*** | (1.26, 2.28) | 2.24*** | (1.73, 2.91) |
| Other backward class | 1.77*** | (1.34, 2.32) | 2.28*** | (1.79, 2.92) |
| Others | 1.58*** | (1.18, 2.10) | 2.22*** | (1.72, 2.87) |
| Place of residence (ref = Urban) | ||||
| Rural | 1.16* | (0.98, 1.38) | 1.44*** | (1.24, 1.67) |
| Analytical sample size | 14,682 | 15,955 | ||
(a) OR: Odds ratio, CI: Confidence Interval, ref: Reference category; (b) Statistical significance denoted by asterisks where * p-value < 0.1, ** p-value < 0.05 and *** p-value < 0.01; (c) ADL: Activities of daily living, IADL: Instrumental activities of daily living, MPCE: Monthly per capita expenditure.