Table 7.

One-step results of health production and inefficiency component.

Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Health production function
Health spending	0.0625***	0.0630***	0.0639***
	(0.00405)	(0.00404)	(0.00390)
Health spending squared	−0.00521***	−0.00530***	−0.00526***
	(0.000396)	(0.000396)	(0.000391)
Employment	0.0254***	0.0260***	0.0275***
	(0.00235)	(0.00229)	(0.00225)
Education	0.0209***	0.0205***	0.0195***
	(0.00176)	(0.00179)	(0.00175)
Share of population aged 65+	0.0163***	0.0176***	0.0160***
	(0.00208)	(0.00213)	(0.00223)
Constant	6.596***	6.591***	6.579***
	(0.0159)	(0.0154)	(0.0145)
Inefficiency function
SHI (Reference: No SHI)	−0.0354***	−0.0547***	−0.0493***
	(0.00831)	(0.0134)	(0.0088)
External (Reference: Private)	−0.169*	−0.279***	−0.3554
	(0.0864)	(0.104)	(0.2346)
Mixed (Reference: Private)	−0.0875***	−0.190***	−0.2043***
	(0.0261)	(0.0538)	(0.0783)
Public (Reference: Private)	0.0102	−0.00517	−0.0228
	(0.00742)	(0.0123)	(0.0886)
Compulsory health financing	−0.0299***
	(0.00612)
Government health spending		−0.00822**
		(0.00360)
Out-of-pocket health spending			0.0104**
			(0.00405)
Constant	0.117***	0.0248**	−0.0396**
	(0.0168)	(0.0119)	(0.0186)
Model parameters
Sigma u (${\sigma }_u$)	0.028***	0.038***	0.133**
	(0.0031)	(0.0046)	(0.0662)
Sigma v (${\sigma }_v$)	0.009***	0.009***	0.010***
	(0.0006)	(0.0005)	(0.0005)
Lambda ($\lambda$)	3.238***	4.159***	13.704***
	(0.0031)	(0.0047)	(0.0663)
Observations	910	910	910
Number of countries	46	46	46
Log-likelihood	2569.76	2550.73	2541.52
Wald chi2	1584.75	1494.14	1748.80
$\text{Prob}.>{\chi }^2$	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000

Robust standard errors in parentheses; **p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1; SHI: Social Health Insurance.