Table 3.
Bioactivities of Chrysanthemum flower.
| Variety/region | Biological activity | Type of cell line | Type of extract/Dosage | Key findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C. indicum; C. morifolium (China, Korea) | Antibacterial activity | B. subtilis, S. agalactiae and S. pyogenes | EO = 500 μg/mL | EO shows MIC = 62.5 g/mL against B. subtilis, S. agalactiae, and S. pyogenes | [50,56] |
| C. indicum (China) | Antimicrobial activity | B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, E. coli, and S. anatum | Methanolic extract | Methanolic extract shows significant antimicrobial activity with ZOI ranging from 5.5 to 9.2 mm | [53] |
| C. indicum (China) | Antibacterial activity | S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. pneumoniae, and S. flexneri | Ethanolic extracts | Eo shows MIC: S. aureus (64.9 mg/mL) and E. coli (16.17 mg/mL) | [52] |
| C. zawadskii (Korea) | Anti-inflammatory | Hep3B human hepatoma cells | ___ | CZE treatment concentrated the extent of IL-6, whereas TNF-α cause an increase in NF-κB luciferase activity | [58] |
| C. indicum (Korea) | Anti-inflammatory | – | Ethanolic extract (25 μg/mL) | CZ extract significantly prohibit LPS-induced NO production (P < 0.001) by 44% | [59] |
| C. morifolium (Korea) | Anti-inflammatory | PMA and LPS-induced NCI–H292 cells by a CM-E (120 μg/mL) | Ethanolic extract | Reduction in inflammation mediators (<80% at dosage 1000 μg/mL) and NO, IL-6, and IL-12 production. | [60] |
| C. trifurcatum (Libya, North Africa) | Anti-inflammatory | In vivo | Ethanolic extract | Significant reduction in paw edema by 6.4–20.5%. | [61] |
| C. zawadskii (Korea) | Anti-adipogenic | 3T3-L1 adipogenesis, 3T3-L1 adipocytes | Ethanolic extract Dose = 50 μg/mL |
Significant reduction in intracellular lipid accumulations by 84.5% | [62] |
| C. indium (China) | Anti- adipogenic | In vivo (mice) | Ethanolic extract | C. indium ethanolic extract showed significant activity of PPAR-γ, CEBP-α, and FAS | [63] |
| C. zawadskii (China) | Anti-adipogenic | 3T3-L1 adipocytes | Methanolic and ethanolic extract | Significant reduction in lipid accumulation and down-regulation of PPAR-γ, CEBP-α, and FAS | [63] |
| C. zawadskii (Korea) | Antioxidant activity | In vitro | DPPH assay | Antioxidant activity showed SC50 = 18.7 μg/mL | [58] |
| Chrysanthemum sp. (Purple and Yellow cultivar) (Korea) | Antioxidant activity | In vitro | ATBS and DPPH assay | Both cultivars showed DPPH = 43.40–66.20 μg/mL and ABTS = 61–76%, respectively | [9] |
| C. morifolium (Delhi, India) | Antioxidant activity | In vitro | CUPRAC, FRAP, and DPPH assay | Significantly showed CUPRAC = 149.44 μmol trolox/g; FRAP = 40.09%; DPPH = 11.24% respectively | [64] |
| C. indicum (China) | Antioxidant activity | In vitro | Methanolic extract/DPPH assay | Significant scavenging effect in DPPH assay with IC50 = 87:64 μg/mL | [52] |
| C. trifurcatum (Libya, North Africa) | Hepatoprotective activity | In vivo | Serum hepatic markers- ALT, AST, and ALP | Chronic PCM (500 mg/kg) administration induced a significant (P < 0.001) increase in rats liver enzymes | [61] |
| C. morifolium (China) | Neuroprotective activity | In vitro | H2O2-induced cell toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells | At conc. 10 μM, flavanone glycoside, and eriodictyol had a moderate effect on SH-SY5Y cell damage with cell viability of 65.08 and 62.24% | [65] |
| C. indicum | Anti-viral activity | In vivo | Anti-HBV activity (Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | Significant antiviral activity is exhibited by flower extract against RSV with EC50 = 60:9–2:41 μg/mL | [66] |
| C. morifolium (Juhua) (China) | Cardiovascular activity | In vivo/Diabetic mice | Hepatic PPARα, GS, and Glut-2 protein expression | On administration of extract 300 mg/kg for 45 days and 6 weeks (13.07–15.22 mg/kg) in animal model, significantly modified the expression of PPARα, GS, and Glut-2 | [67] |