Table 3.
Antimicrobial mechanism and application of common materials.
| Material | Antibacterial mechanism | Application | Bacterial type | Antibacterial adjuvant and antibacterial mechanism | Biocompatibility | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Au | Physical destruction of the biofilms by light-driven motion | – | P. aeruginosa | – | – | [104] |
| Au nanorods | PTT | Ablation infected osteomyelitis | MRSA | Cip (antibiotic) | Cell viability was >80%. | [97] |
| Au NPs | Treatment of subcutaneous abscess | S. aureus | PHMB (electrostatic interaction) | Cell viability was >90%. | [113] | |
| Fe2+ | ·OH is produced through the Fenton or Fenton-like reaction | Protecting tooth extraction wound | S. mutans | CPNC (PTT) | No significant cytotoxicity, and hemolysis rates <5%. |
[100] |
| Fe3O4 | Magnetically driven physical destruction | Treatment of skin and soft tissue infection | MRSA | ZIF (physical destruction of the biofilms by a flower-like structure with sharp edges) | Cell viability was >90%. | [103] |
| Elimination of microchannels biofilms | S. aureus, MRSA and P. aeruginosa | H2O2 (dye drives physical destruction of the biofilms) | No significant cytotoxicity. | [102] | ||
| POD-like activity catalyze the generation of·OH | Wounds and subcutaneous implant-associated biofilms infection treatment | S. aureus and E. coli | GO (PTT) | No significant cytotoxicity. | [54] | |
| Ga3+ | Interfering with Fe3+ metabolism of bacteria or biofilms | Orthopedic implants Ti–Ga alloys | S. aureus and E. coli | – | No significant cytotoxicity. | [53] |
| Pt | POD-like activity catalyze the generation of ·OH | Therapy of biofilms-induced periodontitis | S. aureus | – | Cell viability was >90%, and hemolysis rates were <5%. | [114] |
| Ce (IV) | DNase activity, degrades eDNA | Treatment of subcutaneous abscess | S. aureus | GO (PTT) | Cell viability was >80%. | [32] |
| Snitrosoglutathione (GSNO) | Release NO due to GSNO could be disrupted by heat, light, and some metal ions | Therapy of infected wounds | E. coli and S. aureus | – | Cell viability was >90%. | [88] |
| L-Arg | Release NO due to oxidization of H2O2 | Treatment of infected wounds. | E. coli and S. aureus | – | – | [85] |
| NONOate | Release NO in an acidic microenvironment | Alleviate inflammation in a subcutaneous infection | S. aureus | Cip (antibiotic) | No significant cytotoxicity. | [63] |
| QSC | Electrostatic interaction | Coating | P. aeruginosa | ACY (QSI) | Cell viability was >95%. | [46] |
| QAS | Electrostatic interaction | Coating applied on the surface of orthopedic implant materials | E. coli and S. aureus | – | Hemolysis rates <0.1%. | [28] |