Table 2.
Daily nutrient intake according to gender and hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia.
| Men (n = 20,293) | Women (n = 38,408) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal-HDL (n = 16,120) | Low-HDL (n = 4,173) | Normal-HDL (n = 25,601) | Low-HDL (n = 12,807) | |
| Energy intake (EER %) | 90.1 ± 0.40b | 89.5 ± 0.73b | 102 ± 0.31a | 101 ± 0.44a*** |
| CHO (En%) | 71.8 ± 0.09b | 72.6 ± 0.16a | 71.1 ± 0.07c | 72.2 ± 0.1a***+++# |
| Fat (En%) | 13.7 ± 0.07b | 13.1 ± 0.13a | 14.4 ± 0.05c | 13.4 ± 0.07a***+++## |
| SFA (En%) | 8.45 ± 0.06a | 7.90 ± 0.11b | 8.02 ± 0.05b | 7.39 ± 0.06c |
| MUFA (En%) | 10.7 ± 0.08a | 10.1 ± 0.13b | 10.0 ± 0.05b | 9.20 ± 0.07c***+++ |
| PUFA(En%) | 5.99 ± 0.05a | 5.84 ± 0.08a | 5.48 ± 0.03b | 5.24 ± 0.04c***+++ |
| Protein (%) | 13.2 ± 0.03c | 13.1 ± 0.06c | 13.7 ± 0.03a | 13.5 ± 0.04b***+++ |
| Fiber (mg) | 15.0 ± 0.1a | 15.2 ± 0.16a | 14.3 ± 0.07b | 14.6 ± 0.09a***+ |
| Ca (mg) | 426 ± 3.5c | 424 ± 6.31c | 488 ± 2.7a | 475 ± 3.77b***+ |
| Na (mg) | 2,512 ± 18.4a | 2,593 ± 33.2a | 2,372 ± 14.2c | 2,437 ± 19.8b***+++ |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 99.5 ± 0.92b | 102 ± 1.65b | 115 ± 0.71a | 116 ± 0.99a***+ |
| Vitamin D (mg) | 5.63 ± 0.06c | 5.41 ± 0.10c | 7.00 ± 0.04a | 6.57 ± 0.05b***+++ |
| DII | −20.1 ± 0.02a | −20.8 ± 0.04a | −21.1 ± 0.02b | −21.6 ± 0.02b***+ |
| Flavonoids (ug) | 34.1 ± 0.43b | 35.2 ± 0.78b | 43.7 ± 0.33a | 43.4 ± 0.46a*** |
| Glycemic index | 51.0 ± 0.10a | 51.1 ± 0.17a | 47.6 ± 0.07b | 47.5 ± 0.09b*** |
| Sulfur microbial diet index | −34.6 ± 0.69a | −36.3 ± 1.18a | −55.2 ± 0.49b | −55.8 ± 0.66b*** |
| Coffee (g/day) | 3.72 ± 0.03a | 3.71 ± 0.05a | 3.73 ± 0.02a | 3.39 ± 0.03b***+++### |
| Alcohol (g/week) | 230 ± 4.67b | 138 ± 8.5a | 70.1 ± 3.63c | 53.9 ± 5.07d***+++### |
| Exercise (N, %) | 9,534 (60.2) | 2,250 (54.8)‡‡‡ | 13,569(53.8) | 6,257 (49.6)‡‡‡ |
| Former smoking Smoking (N, %) | 7,134 (44.4) | 1,661 (39.9)‡‡‡ | 313 (1.23) | 147 (1.15) |
| Smoking (N, %) | 4,259 (21.0) | 1,405 (33.7) | 473 (1.24) | 276 (2.16) |
Values represent adjusted means and standard errors for continuous variables and the number and percentage for categorical variables. EER, estimated energy requirement; En%, energy percent; CHO, carbohydrates; SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; DII, dietary inflammatory index; GI, dietary glycemic index. *Significant differences by gender at p < 0.05, ** at p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. # Significant differences by height at p < 0.05, ## at p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001. + Significant interaction between gender and height at p < 0.05, ++ at p < 0.01, +++ p < 0.001. ‡ Significantly different from the control group in χ2 test in each gender at p < 0.05, ‡‡ at p < 0.01, ‡‡‡ at p < 0.001. a,b,c,d Different superscript letters indicated significant differences among the groups in Tukey’s test at p < 0.05.