Skip to main content
. 2023 Oct 4;10:1244185. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1244185

Table 2.

Daily nutrient intake according to gender and hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia.

Men (n = 20,293) Women (n = 38,408)
Normal-HDL (n = 16,120) Low-HDL (n = 4,173) Normal-HDL (n = 25,601) Low-HDL (n = 12,807)
Energy intake (EER %) 90.1 ± 0.40b 89.5 ± 0.73b 102 ± 0.31a 101 ± 0.44a***
CHO (En%) 71.8 ± 0.09b 72.6 ± 0.16a 71.1 ± 0.07c 72.2 ± 0.1a***+++#
Fat (En%) 13.7 ± 0.07b 13.1 ± 0.13a 14.4 ± 0.05c 13.4 ± 0.07a***+++##
SFA (En%) 8.45 ± 0.06a 7.90 ± 0.11b 8.02 ± 0.05b 7.39 ± 0.06c
MUFA (En%) 10.7 ± 0.08a 10.1 ± 0.13b 10.0 ± 0.05b 9.20 ± 0.07c***+++
PUFA(En%) 5.99 ± 0.05a 5.84 ± 0.08a 5.48 ± 0.03b 5.24 ± 0.04c***+++
Protein (%) 13.2 ± 0.03c 13.1 ± 0.06c 13.7 ± 0.03a 13.5 ± 0.04b***+++
Fiber (mg) 15.0 ± 0.1a 15.2 ± 0.16a 14.3 ± 0.07b 14.6 ± 0.09a***+
Ca (mg) 426 ± 3.5c 424 ± 6.31c 488 ± 2.7a 475 ± 3.77b***+
Na (mg) 2,512 ± 18.4a 2,593 ± 33.2a 2,372 ± 14.2c 2,437 ± 19.8b***+++
Vitamin C (mg) 99.5 ± 0.92b 102 ± 1.65b 115 ± 0.71a 116 ± 0.99a***+
Vitamin D (mg) 5.63 ± 0.06c 5.41 ± 0.10c 7.00 ± 0.04a 6.57 ± 0.05b***+++
DII −20.1 ± 0.02a −20.8 ± 0.04a −21.1 ± 0.02b −21.6 ± 0.02b***+
Flavonoids (ug) 34.1 ± 0.43b 35.2 ± 0.78b 43.7 ± 0.33a 43.4 ± 0.46a***
Glycemic index 51.0 ± 0.10a 51.1 ± 0.17a 47.6 ± 0.07b 47.5 ± 0.09b***
Sulfur microbial diet index −34.6 ± 0.69a −36.3 ± 1.18a −55.2 ± 0.49b −55.8 ± 0.66b***
Coffee (g/day) 3.72 ± 0.03a 3.71 ± 0.05a 3.73 ± 0.02a 3.39 ± 0.03b***+++###
Alcohol (g/week) 230 ± 4.67b 138 ± 8.5a 70.1 ± 3.63c 53.9 ± 5.07d***+++###
Exercise (N, %) 9,534 (60.2) 2,250 (54.8)‡‡‡ 13,569(53.8) 6,257 (49.6)‡‡‡
Former smoking Smoking (N, %) 7,134 (44.4) 1,661 (39.9)‡‡‡ 313 (1.23) 147 (1.15)
Smoking (N, %) 4,259 (21.0) 1,405 (33.7) 473 (1.24) 276 (2.16)

Values represent adjusted means and standard errors for continuous variables and the number and percentage for categorical variables. EER, estimated energy requirement; En%, energy percent; CHO, carbohydrates; SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; DII, dietary inflammatory index; GI, dietary glycemic index. *Significant differences by gender at p < 0.05, ** at p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. # Significant differences by height at p < 0.05, ## at p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001. + Significant interaction between gender and height at p < 0.05, ++ at p < 0.01, +++ p < 0.001. Significantly different from the control group in χ2 test in each gender at p < 0.05, ‡‡ at p < 0.01, ‡‡‡ at p < 0.001. a,b,c,d Different superscript letters indicated significant differences among the groups in Tukey’s test at p < 0.05.