Table 1.
Child characteristics, anthropometrics, body composition, and blood pressure at follow-up.
| Non-PE | PE-exposed | Early-onset PE-exposed | Late-onset PE-exposed | p-value | Mean difference (95% CI) | p-value | Mean difference (95% CI) | p-value | Mean difference (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnosis <340/7 weeks | Diagnosis ≥340/7 weeks | PE-exposed vs. non-PE | Early (dg) exposed vs. non-PE | Late (dg) exposed vs. non-PE | ||||||
| Characteristics and anthropometrics | N = 85 | N = 182 | N = 46 | N = 136 | ||||||
| Premature, n (%) | 4 (4.7) | 60 (33.0) | 42 (91.3) | 18 (13.2) | <0 . 001 | — | <0 . 001 | — | 0 . 039 | — |
| SGA, n (%) | 0 (0) | 32 (17.6) | 15 (32.6) | 17 (12.5) | <0 . 001 | — | <0 . 001 | — | <0 . 001 | — |
| Age (years) | 11.2 (1.0) | 11.6 (1.1) | 11.6 (1.2) | 11.6 (1.1) | 0 . 004 | 0.4 (0.1 to 0.7) | 0 . 035 | 0.4 (0–0.8) | 0 . 006 | 0.4 (0.1–0.7) |
| Girls (n, %) | 42 (49.4) | 99 (54.4) | 25 (54.3) | 74 (54.4) | 0.447 | — | 0.590 | — | 0.469 | — |
| Body height (cm) | 149.3 (8.4) | 151.2 (10.1) | 148.7 (9.1) | 152.0 (10.3) | 0.132 | 1.9 (−0.6 to 4.4) | 0.713 | −0.6 (−3.7 to 2.5) | 0 . 040 | 2.7 (0.1 to 5.4) |
| Height z-score | 0.15 (0.89) | 0.05 (1.10) | −0.30 (1.18) | 0.17 (1.06) | 0.450 | −0.10 (−0.37 to 0.17) | 0 . 015 | −0.45 (−0.81 to −0.09) | 0.918 | 0.01 (−0.26 to 0.29) |
| Body weight (kg) | 39.4 (10.4)a | 40.3 (17.1)a | 41.2 (18.5)a | 40.1 (16.0)a | 0.427 | 1.0 (−1.6 to 3.5)a | 0.477 | 1.2 (−2.5 to 5.5)a | 0.490 | 0.9 (−1.7 to 3.5)a |
| Weight z-score (height) | −0.13 (0.95) | −0.22 (1.10) | 0.16 (0.97) | −0.35 (1.11) | 0.502 | −0.09 (−0.36 to 0.18) | 0.102 | 0.29 (−0.06 to 0.63) | 0.129 | −0.22 (−0.51 to 0.06) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 17.8 (3.1)a | 17.6 (4.1)a | 18.6 (4.7)a | 17.5 (4.0)a | 0.993 | −0.01 (−0.71 to 0.70)a | 0.215 | 0.64 (−0.39 to 1.82)a | 0.571 | −0.19 (−0.93 to 0.50)a |
| BMI z-score | −0.02 (0.97) | −0.13 (1.08) | 0.14 (1.05) | −0.22 (1.08) | 0.443 | −0.11 (−0.38 to 0.17) | 0.381 | 0.16 (−0.20 to 0.52) | 0.175 | −0.20 (−0.48 to 0.09) |
| Body surface area (m2)b | 1.30 (0.23) | 1.33 (0.22) | 1.33 (0.24) | 1.33 (0.22) | 0.228 | 0.03 (−0.02 to 0.08) | 0.438 | 0.03 (−0.05 to 0.11) | 0.255 | 0.03 (−0.02 to 0.08) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 63.0 (8.9)a | 64.1 (11.0)a | 67.0 (12.2)a | 63.2 (10.5)a | 0.331 | 1.0 (−1.0 to 3.0)a | 0.109 | 2.7 (−0.5 to 5.9)a | 0.605 | 0.5 (−1.5 to 2.5)a |
| Waist–hip ratio (no unit) | 0.82 (0.05) | 0.83 (0.06) | 0.85 (0.07) | 0.82 (0.06) | 0.582 | 0 (−0.01 to 0.02) | 0 . 038 | 0.02 (0 to 0.05) | 0.737 | 0 (−0.02 to 0.01) |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 77.95 (7.30) | 79.82 (9.46) | 80.45 (10.69) | 79.61 (9.04) | 0.079 | 1.87 (−0.22 to 3.96) | 0.162 | 2.50 (−1.02 to 6.02) | 0.137 | 1.66 (−0.53 to 3.85) |
| Head circumference (cm) | 54.22 (1.76) | 53.82 (1.70) | 53.66 (1.94) | 53.87 (1.61) | 0.085 | −0.40 (−0.86 to 0.06) | 0.108 | −0.56 (−1.24 to 0.12) | 0.142 | −0.35 (−0.82 to 0.12) |
| Arm length (cm) | 49.00 (3.45) | 49.34 (3.74) | 48.19 (3.39) | 49.72 (3.78) | 0.491 | 0.34 (−0.63 to 1.30) | 0.211 | −0.81 (−2.08 to 0.46) | 0.165 | 0.72 (−0.30 to 1.74) |
| Brachial circumference (cm) | 22.63 (3.10) | 22.97 (3.25) | 23.50 (3.46) | 22.79 (3.17) | 0.439 | 0.33 (−0.51 to 1.18) | 0.156 | 0.86 (−0.33 to 2.06) | 0.725 | 0.16 (−0.72 to 1.03) |
| Antebrachial circumference (cm) | 20.20 (2.19) | 20.39 (2.10) | 20.38 (2.16) | 20.40 (2.09) | 0.511 | 0.19 (−0.37 to 0.75) | 0.672 | 0.17 (−0.63 to 0.98) | 0.521 | 0.19 (−0.40 to 0.79) |
| Leg length (cm) | 81.22 (6.38) | 81.51 (6.98) | 79.76 (7.35) | 82.09 (6.78) | 0.753 | 0.29 (−1.51 to 2.08) | 0.250 | −1.46 (−3.95 to 1.04) | 0.354 | 0.87 (−0.98 to 2.71) |
| Thigh circumference (cm) | 44.42 (5.50) | 44.98 (5.89) | 45.60 (6.24) | 44.78 (5.78) | 0.468 | 0.56 (−0.96 to 2.09) | 0.275 | 1.18 (−0.95 to 3.32) | 0.658 | 0.36 (−1.22 to 1.93) |
| Calf circumference (cm) | 29.13 (2.80) | 29.42 (3.52) | 29.78 (3.50) | 29.31 (3.53) | 0.471 | 0.30 (0.41 to −0.51) | 0.261 | 0.65 (−0.49 to 1.78) | 0.684 | 0.18 (−0.68 to 1.04) |
| Body composition | ||||||||||
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 17.2 (3.4) | 17.9 (4.3) | 17.4 (3.9) | 18.0 (4.4) | 0.162 | 0.7 (−0.3 to 1.6) | 0.730 | 0.2 (−1.1 to 1.5) | 0.115 | 0.8 (−0.2 to 1.9) |
| Lean mass bioimpedance (kg) | 32.6 (5.7) | 33.7 (7.2) | 32.9 (6.6) | 33.9 (7.4) | 0.175 | 1.1 (−0.5 to 2.7) | 0.737 | 0.4 (−1.8 to 2.6) | 0.125 | 1.4 (−0.4 to 3.1) |
| Fat mass (kg) | 6.3 (5.7)a | 6.6 (7.1)a | 7.5 (9.1)a | 6.6 (5.6)a | 0.914 | 0.1 (−1.0 to 1.1)a | 0.291 | 0.9 (−0.7 to 2.9)a | 0.734 | −0.2 (−1.3 to 0.9)a |
| Body fat percentage (%) | 19.0 (8.3) | 18.9 (8.9) | 21.2 (9.6) | 18.1 (8.5) | 0.920 | −0.1 (−2.4 to 2.1) | 0.170 | 2.2 (−1.0 to 5.4) | 0.435 | −0.9 (−3.2 to 1.4) |
| 24-h blood pressure | N = 63 | N = 144 | N = 35 | N = 109 | ||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 119.6 (6.8) | 122.5 (8.8) | 125.1 (9.7) | 121.7 (8.4) | 0 . 024 | 2.9 (0.4 to 5.3) | 0 . 005 | 5.5 (1.7 to 9.2) | 0.107 | 2.0 (−0.4 to 4.5) |
| DBP (mmHg) | 71.3 (5.4) | 70.4 (5.8) | 70.2 (6.3) | 70.5 (5.6) | 0.284 | −0.9 (−2.6 to 0.8) | 0.345 | −1.2 (−3.5 to 1.3) | 0.338 | −0.8 (−2.6 to 0.9) |
| PP (mmHg) | 48.4 (5.2) | 52.1 (7.6) | 55.1 (9.4) | 51.1 (6.7) | <0 . 001 | 3.7 (1.9 to 5.4) | <0 . 001 | 6.7 (3.2 to 10.1) | 0 . 006 | 2.7 (0.8 to 4.6) |
| HR (bpm) | 81.6 (7.2) | 80.9 (7.7) | 81.7 (7.8) | 80.6 (7.6) | 0.534 | −0.7 (1.1 to −3.0) | 0.905 | 0.2 (−2.9 to 3.3) | 0.400 | −1.0 (−3.3 to 1.3) |
| SBP z-score (height) | 1.26 (0.99) | 1.60 (1.24) | 2.07 (1.29) | 1.45 (1.19) | 0.058 | 0.34 (−0.01 to 0.69) | <0 . 001 | 0.81 (0.34 to 1.27) | 0.295 | 0.19 (−0.16 to 0.54) |
| DBP z-score (height) | 0.80 (0.99) | 0.62 (1.05) | 0.60 (1.09) | 0.63 (1.04) | 0.256 | −0.18 (−0.49 to 0.13) | 0.358 | −0.20 (−0.63 to 0.23) | 0.294 | −0.17 (−0.49 to 0.15) |
| Central blood pressure | N = 79 | N = 174 | N = 44 | N = 130 | ||||||
| Central SBP (mmHg) | 103.0 (8.7) | 109.7 (12.2) | 112.8 (12.8) | 108.6 (11.8) | <0 . 001 | 6.7 (3.7 to 9.7) | <0 . 001 | 9.8 (5.5 to 14.1) | <0 . 001 | 5.6 (2.8 to 8.4) |
| Central DBP (mmHg) | 71.0 (6.1) | 71.9 (6.0) | 72.3 (6.4) | 71.8 (5.9) | 0.283 | 0.9 (−0.7 to 2.5) | 0.269 | 1.3 (−1.0 to 3.6) | 0.386 | 0.7 (−0.9 to 2.4) |
| Central PP (mmHg) | 31.5 (10.0)a | 36.6 (15.0)a | 38.5 (16.0)a | 36.3 (14.0)a | <0 . 001 | 5.0 (2.5 to 7.5)a | <0 . 001 | 7.0 (3.3 to 11.0)a | 0 . 001 | 4.3 (1.7 to 7.0)a |
dg, diagnosis; CI, confidence interval; SGA, small for gestational age (birth weight <−2SD); premature, birth <37+0 gestational weeks.
Data are presented as mean (SD) unless stated otherwise; significant p-values (<0.05) are in bold. Independent-sample t-test for normally distributed numerical data, Mann–Whitney U-test for non-normal distribution, and Pearson χ2 test or Fisher's exact test for categorical data.
a
Median (IQR), median difference (95% CI).
b
Calculated with Haycock's formula.