Table 5.
Multiple linear regression models for children's arterial intima-media thickness and carotid artery stiffness, distensibility, and wall stress.
| Unstandardized | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vascular dimension | Predictor | β (95% CI) | Standardized β | p-value | Adjusted R2 | Model p-value | |
| Brachial artery | |||||||
| Intima-media thickness | Model 1 | Constant | 29.12 (−5.51 to 63.75) | 0.217 | <0 . 001 | ||
| Pre-eclampsia-exposed (0 = no, 1 = yes) | 0.19 (−4.96 to 5.34) | 0.005 | 0.942 | ||||
| Child sex (0 = female, 1 = male) | 7.79 (3.09 to 12.50) | 0.204 | 0 . 001 | ||||
| Child lean body mass at follow-up (kg) | 0.99 (0.65 to 1.32) | 0.368 | <0 . 001 | ||||
| Child 24-h SBP at follow-up (mmHg) | 0.36 (0.08 to 0.65) | 0.159 | 0 . 013 | ||||
| Model 2 | Constant | −26.38 (−74.90 to 22.14) | 0.181 | <0 . 001 | |||
| Pre-eclampsia-exposed (0 = no, 1 = yes) | 1.29 (4.22 to 6.80) | 0.030 | 0.644 | ||||
| Child sex (0 = female, 1 = male) | 8.78 (3.74 to 13.81) | 0.223 | <0 . 001 | ||||
| Child arm length at follow-up (cm) | 1.64 (0.98 to 2.31) | 0.314 | <0 . 001 | ||||
| Child 24-h SBP at follow-up (mmHg) | 0.42 (0.12 to 0.72) | 0.179 | 0 . 006 | ||||
| Radial artery | |||||||
| Intima-media thickness | Model 1 | Constant | 12.89 (−35.40 to 61.19) | 0.208 | <0 . 001 | ||
| Pre-eclampsia-exposed (0 = no, 1 = yes) | 1.43 (−4.22 to 7.09) | 0.032 | 0.617 | ||||
| Child age at follow-up (years) | 3.36 (0.24 to 6.48) | 0.177 | 0 . 035 | ||||
| Child sex (0 = female, 1 = male) | 8.11 (2.90 to 13.33) | 0.196 | 0 . 002 | ||||
| Child lean body mass at follow-up (kg) | 0.72 (0.24 to 1.20) | 0.249 | 0 . 003 | ||||
| Child 24-h SBP at follow-up (mmHg) | 0.37 (0.06 to 0.68) | 0.149 | 0 . 021 | ||||
| Model 2 | Constant | −34.83 (−87.58 to 17.91) | 0.199 | <0 . 001 | |||
| Pre-eclampsia-exposed (0 = no, 1 = yes) | 2.12 (−3.74 to 7.98) | 0.047 | 0.476 | ||||
| Child age at follow-up (years) | 4.01 (0.94 to 7.07) | 0.199 | 0 . 011 | ||||
| Child sex (0 = female, 1 = male) | 9.27 (3.95 to 14.60) | 0.223 | <0 . 001 | ||||
| Child arm length at follow-up (cm) | 1.20 (0.37 to 2.02) | 0.217 | 0 . 005 | ||||
| Child 24-h SBP at follow-up (mmHg) | 0.41 (0.10 to 0.72) | 0.166 | 0 . 011 | ||||
| Femoral artery | |||||||
| Intima-media thickness | Model 1 | Constant | 64.55 (3.09 to 126.01) | 0.214 | <0 . 001 | ||
| Pre-eclampsia-exposed (0 = no, 1 = yes) | −2.40 (−11.49 to 6.69) | −0.033 | 0.604 | ||||
| Child lean body mass at follow-up (kg) | 2.02 (1.43 to 2.61) | 0.424 | <0 . 001 | ||||
| Child 24-h SBP at follow-up (mmHg) | 0.69 (0.18 to 1.19) | 0.169 | 0 . 008 | ||||
| Model 2 | Constant | 16.41 (−52.20 to 85.02) | 0.172 | <0 . 001 | |||
| Pre-eclampsia-exposed (0 = no, 1 = yes) | −3.64 (−12.98 to 5.70) | −0.050 | 0.443 | ||||
| Child calf circumference at follow-up (cm) | 3.59 (2.33 to 4.86) | 0.365 | <0 . 001 | ||||
| Child 24-h SBP at follow-up (mmHg) | 0.78 (0.27 to 1.29) | 0.198 | 0 . 003 | ||||
| CBSI | Model 1 | Constant | 0.61 (−0.63 to 1.85) | 0.024 | 0 . 026 | ||
| Pre-eclampsia-exposed (0 = no, 1 = yes) | −0.05 (−0.20 to 0.10) | −0.039 | 0.530 | ||||
| Child age at follow-up (years) | 0.06 (0 to 0.13) | 0.122 | 0 . 051 | ||||
| Child waist–hip ratio at follow-up | 1.45 (0.20 to 2.70) | 0.140 | 0 . 023 | ||||
| CDC | Model 1 | Constant | 22.81 (17.34 to 28.27) | 0.066 | <0 . 001 | ||
| Pre-eclampsia-exposed (0 = no, 1 = yes) | −0.20 (−0.87 to 0.47) | −0.036 | 0.555 | ||||
| Child age at follow-up (years) | −0.31 (−0.59 to −0.02) | −0.128 | 0 . 035 | ||||
| Child waist–hip ratio at follow-up | −10.91 (−16.39 to −5.43) | −0.233 | <0 . 001 | ||||
| CWS | Model 1 | Constant | −99.19 (−441.85 to 243.47) | 0.047 | 0 . 002 | ||
| Pre-eclampsia-exposed (0 = no, 1 = yes) | 9.24 (−13.58 to 32.05) | 0.049 | 0.426 | ||||
| Child head circumference at follow-up (cm) | 7.19 (0.92 to 13.45) | 0.143 | 0 . 025 | ||||
| Child waist–hip ratio at follow-up | 254.15 (61.36 to 446.93) | 0.163 | 0 . 010 | ||||
The unstandardized coefficients (and 95% CIs) of intima-media thickness have been multiplied by 1,000, showing the change in micrometers. Significant results are in bold (p-value <0.05).