Table 2.
Association between ZCTA immigrant fraction and CHD prevalence.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All immigrants, % change in prevalence (95% CI) | ||||
| First quartile | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Second quartile | −0.26b (−0.30 to −0.21) | −0.27b (−0.32 to −0.23) | −0.17b (−0.22 to −0.13) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) |
| Third quartile | −0.43b (−0.47 to −0.38) | −0.44b (−0.49 to −0.40) | −0.24b (−0.29 to −0.20) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.03) |
| Fourth quartile | −0.98b (−1.04 to −0.93) | −0.95b (−1.00 to −0.90) | −0.53b (−0.59 to −0.48) | −0.33b (−0.38 to −0.28) |
| p-trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Asian immigrants, % change in prevalence (95% CI) | ||||
| First quartile | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Second quartile | −0.21b (−0.27 to −0.15) | −0.19b (−0.25 to −0.14) | −0.15a (−0.20 to −0.09) | −0.09a (−0.14 to −0.04) |
| Third quartile | −0.41b (−0.47 to −0.35) | −0.36b (−0.42 to −0.30) | −0.25b (−0.31 to −0.20) | −0.19b (−0.24 to −0.14) |
| Fourth quartile | −0.71b (−0.77 to −0.64) | −0.59b (−0.65 to −0.53) | −0.30b (−0.36 to −0.24) | −0.31b (−0.37 to −0.26) |
| p-trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Hispanic immigrants, % change in prevalence (95% CI) | ||||
| First quartile | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Second quartile | −0.05 (−0.11 to 0.00) | −0.04 (−0.10 to 0.01) | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.04 to 0.05) |
| Third quartile | −0.17b (−0.23 to −0.11) | −0.15b (−0.20 to −0.09) | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.03) | −0.04 (−0.09 to 0.01) |
| Fourth quartile | −0.70b (−0.77 to −0.62) | −0.65b (−0.72 to −0.58) | −0.38b (−0.45 to −0.31) | −0.32b (−0.38 to −0.26) |
| p-trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
ZCTA, ZIP code tabulated area; CHD, coronary heart disease.
Coefficients of association (absolute % change in CHD prevalence per quartile) with 95% CI depicted.
Model 1 adjusted for age, sex and ZCTA sociodemographic factors (median household income, education, and rurality).
Model 2 adjusted for age and sex, ZCTA sociodemographic factors, and health access factors (health insurance, annual checkup and cholesterol screening).
Model 3 adjusted for age and sex, ZCTA sociodemographic factors, health access factors, and obesity.
Model 4 adjusted for age and sex, ZCTA sociodemographic factors, health access factors, and health behaviors (e.g., smoking, activity level).
Denotes significance at p = 0.01.
Denotes significance at p < 0.0001.