TABLE 1.
Selected characteristics of control mothers by reported pregestational diabetes status, National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997–2011
| Pregestational type 1 diabetes (n = 24) |
Pregestational type 2 diabetes (n = 34) |
No diabetes (n = 10,840) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristic | n (%)a | n (%)a | n (%)a |
| Age at delivery (years) | |||
| ≤24 | 8 (33.3) | 7 (20.6) | 3,612 (33.3) |
| 25–29 | 10 (41.7) | 7 (20.6) | 3,013 (27.8) |
| 30+ | 6 (25) | 20 (58.8) | 4,215 (38.9) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 18 (75.0) | 12 (35.3) | 6,376 (58.9) |
| Other | 6 (25.0) | 22 (64.7) | 4,458 (41.2) |
| Education | |||
| High school or less | 13 (54.2) | 17 (51.5) | 4,212 (39.8) |
| More than high school | 11 (45.8) | 16 (48.5) | 6,362 (60.2) |
| Prepregnancy BMI | |||
| Normal/underweight BMI < 25 | 14 (58.3) | 3 (9.4) | 6,305 (60.6) |
| Overweight/obese BMI ≥ 25 | 10 (41.7) | 29 (90.6) | 4,098 (39.4) |
| Periconceptional smokingb | |||
| Yes | 4 (16.7) | 7 (21.2) | 1,918 (18.1) |
| No | 20 (83.3) | 26 (78.8) | 8,698 (81.9) |
| Periconceptional folic acid-containing supplement useb | |||
| Yes | 13 (54.2) | 24 (70.6) | 5,688 (52.9) |
| No | 11 (45.8) | 10 (29.4) | 5,064 (47.1) |
| Parity (previous stillbirths and livebirths) | |||
| 0 | 15 (62.5) | 5 (14.7) | 4,375 (40.4) |
| 1+ | 9 (37.5) | 29 (85.3) | 6,449 (59.6) |
| Intended pregnancy | |||
| Yes | 7 (38.9) | 19 (67.9) | 5,208 (59.1) |
| No | 11 (61.1) | 9 (32.1) | 3,608 (40.9) |
| Hypertension | |||
| Yes | 9 (37.5) | 18 (52.9) | 1,368 (12.8) |
| No | 15 (62.5) | 16 (47.1) | 9,336 (87.2) |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index (weight in kg/height in m).
a
Numbers vary because of missing values.
b
Periconceptional defined as the month before through the third month of pregnancy.