Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of each group at baseline.
| Characteristics | Neurofeedback-assisted mindfulness training (n=29) | Mindfulness-only training (n=32) | Self-care (n=31) | F or chi-square (df) statistic | P value |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 39.72 (10.01) | 37.66 (10.59) | 38.65 (11.88) | F=0.275 (2, 89) | .76 |
| Sex (female), n (%) | 27 (93.10) | 29 (90.63) | 27 (87.10) | χ2=0.796 (2) | .67 |
| Marital status: unmarried, n (%) | 11 (37.93) | 18 (56.25) | 14 (45.16) | χ2=1.913 (2) | .38 |
| Education >college education, n (%) | 27 (93.10) | 29 (90.63) | 27 (87.10) | χ2=0.203 (2) | .90 |
| Length of career >3 years, n (%) | 28 (96.55) | 25 (78.13) | 25 (80.65) | χ2=4.583 (2) | .10 |
| Perceived Stress Scale score, mean (SD) | 21.52 (4.38) | 20.78 (4.82) | 22.55 (4.95) | F=1.104 (2, 89) | .33 |
| Brief Resilience Scale score, mean (SD) | 19.72 (3.32) | 19.97 (3.91) | 19.81 (4.21) | F=0.033 (2, 89) | .96 |
| Korean Version of the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale score, mean (SD) | 65.28 (12.23) | 60.72 (8.31) | 57.81 (11.46) | F=3.664 (2, 89) | .03a |
| Korean Emotional Labor Scale score, mean (SD) | 52.89 (7.20) | 53.01 (11.89) | 53.46 (15.09) | F=0.013 (2, 89) | .98 |
| Korean Standard Occupational Stress Scale score, mean (SD) | 53.33 (7.20) | 51.69 (4.51) | 48.90 (6.49) | F=4.016 (2, 89) | .02b |
| Athens Insomnia Scale score, mean (SD) | 14.48 (3.12) | 14.50 (2.23) | 14.90 (3.35) | F=0.203 (2, 89) | .81 |
| 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire score, mean (SD) | 5.41 (4.46) | 6.34 (4.09) | 6.77 (4.30) | F=0.761 (2, 89) | .47 |
aPost hoc test using the Tukey method was performed. The neurofeedback-assisted mindfulness training group exhibited higher scores on the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale compared with the self-care group.
bPost hoc test using the Tukey method was performed. The neurofeedback-assisted mindfulness training group exhibited higher scores on the Occupational Stress Scale compared with the mindfulness training group; the mindfulness training group exhibited higher scores compared with the self-care group.