Table 3.
OR (95% CI) for kidney stones across time of PPI use stratified by selected factors*
| Kidney stones vs non-kidney stones | Recurrent kidney stones vs first kidney stone | |||||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | P for interaction | OR (95% CI) | P value | P for interaction | |
| Age | 0.439 | 0.419 | ||||
| <50 years | 1.05 (0.98, 1.11) | 0.150 | 1.11 (0.98, 1.27) | 0.104 | ||
| ≥50 years | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 0.004 | 1.07 (1.00, 1.14) | 0.053 | ||
| Sex | 0.856 | 0.623 | ||||
| Female | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) | 0.004 | 1.08 (0.99, 1.18) | 0.099 | ||
| Male | 1.02 (0.98, 1.07) | 0.258 | 1.06 (0.98, 1.14) | 0.156 | ||
| Race | 0.365 | 0.282 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 0.005 | 1.11 (1.01, 1.22) | 0.037 | ||
| Other | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 0.422 | 1.07 (1.00, 1.13) | 0.038 | ||
| BMI | 0.684 | 0.922 | ||||
| <25 kg/m2 | 1.06 (0.98, 1.14) | 0.134 | 1.04 (0.90, 1.22) | 0.569 | ||
| ≥25 kg/m2 | 1.04 (1.01, 1.06) | 0.013 | 1.07 (1.01, 1.15) | 0.029 | ||
Adjusted for age, sex, race, education level, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, mean arterial pressure, HbA1c, triglycerides, history of CVD, gout, thiazide use, loop diuretic use and H2RA use, sedentary time, total water intake, albumin-adjusted calcium and eGFR, if not already stratified.
*Values are numerical values or weighted OR (95% CI).
BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; H2RA, histamine-2 receptor antagonist; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.