Table 3.
Univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis of risk factors for elevated IOP
| IOP | cOR (95% CI) | adjOR (95% CI) | ||
| Normal | Elevated | |||
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 1344 (47.7) | 138 (49.3) | Ref | Ref |
| Male | 1473 (52.3) | 142 (50.7) | 0.94 (0.73 to 1.2) | 0.94 (0.46 to 1.93) |
| Age (year), mean (SD) | 53.95 (11.96) | 53.47 (11.94) | 0.99 (0.99 to 1.01) | 0.99 (0.98 to 1.00) |
| Occupation | ||||
| Day labourer | 975 (34.6) | 80 (28.6) | Ref | Ref |
| Business | 207 (7.3) | 18 (6.4) | 1.06 (0.62 to 1.85) | 0.99 (0.57 to 1.71) |
| Homemaker | 1260 (44.7) | 126 (45.0) | 1.22 (0.91 to 1.63) | 1.02 (0.48 to 2.19) |
| Unemployed | 224 (8.0) | 29 (10.4) | 1.58 (1.01 to 2.47) | 1.44 (0.84 to 2.46) |
| Service holder | 151 (5.4) | 27 (9.6) | 2.18 (1.36 to 3.48)† | 2.56 (1.50 to 4.37)† |
| Education | ||||
| Grade VI and above | 2235 (79.3) | 226 (80.7) | Ref. | Ref |
| Non-formal to grade V | 438 (20.7) | 38 (19.3) | 1.09 (0 to 0.79) | 1.58 (1.09 to 2.27)* |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 2555 (90.7) | 250 (89.3) | Ref | Ref |
| Other marital status | 262 (9.3) | 30 (10.7) | 1.17 (0.79 to 1.75) | 1.04 (0.67 to 1.60) |
| Source of light | ||||
| Electricity | 2769 (98.3) | 278 (99.3) | Ref | Ref |
| Smoke-producing source | 48 (1.7) | 2 (0.7) | 0.42 (0.10 to 1.72) | 0.39 (0.09 to 1.64) |
| Fuel type | ||||
| Clean fuel | 159 (5.6) | 14 (5.0) | Ref | Ref |
| Biomass fuel | 2658 (94.4) | 266 (95.0) | 1.14 (0.65 to 1.99) | 1.99 (1.08 to 3.65)* |
| H/O DM | ||||
| No | 2638 (93.6) | 237 (84.6) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 179 (6.4) | 43 (15.4) | 2.67 (1.87 to 3.83)† | 2.46 (1.69 to 3.57)† |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Normotensive | 1730 (61.4) | 150 (53.6) | Ref | |
| Hypertensive | 1087 (38.6) | 130 (46.4) | 1.38 (1.08 to 1.77)* | 1.31 (1.00 to 1.72)* |
| Obesity | ||||
| No | 2755 (97.8) | 267 (95.4) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 62 (2.2) | 13 (4.6) | 2.16 (1.17 to 3.98)* | 2.02 (1.08 to 3.79)* |
| SES | ||||
| Lower | 1034 (36.7) | 84 (30.0) | Ref | Ref |
| Middle | 872 (31.0) | 75 (26.8) | 1.06 (0.77 to 1.46) | 1.13 (0.81 to 1.57) |
| Upper | 911 (32.3) | 121 (43.2) | 1.64 (1.22 to 2.19)† | 1.74 (1.28 to 2.38)† |
| Tobacco consumers (smoke and smokeless) | ||||
| No | 867 (30.8) | 96 (34.3) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 1950 (69.2) | 184 (65.7) | 0.85 (0.66 to 1.11) | 0.87 (0.66 to 1.13) |
Figure within parenthesis denotes column percentage if not otherwise mentioned.
*p<0.05.
†p<0.001.
adjOR, adjusted OR; cOR, crude OR; H/O DM, history of diabetes mellitus; IOP, intraocular pressure; Ref, Reference; SES, socioeconomic status.