Table 3. Risk factors for the development of anastomotic leaks.
| Co-morbid conditions | Surgical factors | Oncologic factors | Perioperative factors |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hypoalbuminemia | Anastomotic tension | Chemotherapy | Prolonged mechanical ventilation |
| Older age | Preserved blood supply | Radiation therapy (especially to the fundus) | Gastric distension |
| Alcohol abuse | Intraoperative hypotension | Anti-angiogenic immunotherapy | Delayed gastric emptying |
| Obesity (BMI >30) | Extent of dissection | Post-operative transfusion | |
| HTN | Operative trauma | Hemodynamic instability | |
| DM | Venous obstruction | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | Extrinsic compression | ||
| COPD | Prolonged operative time (e.g., operation >5 hours) | ||
| Smoking | |||
| MI | |||
| Heart failure | |||
| Arrhythmia | |||
| Celiac artery calcifications | |||
| Systemic atherosclerosis | |||
| Steroids | |||
| Immunosuppressants |
BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MI, myocardial infarction.