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. 2023 Oct 11;13(10):e072751. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072751

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Parameter estimates of age (A), cohort (B) and period (C) effects based on an age-period-cohort model of female lung cancer mortality rates by immigrant groups: locals, immigrants have stayed in Hong Kong for more than 10 years and immigrants have stayed in Hong Kong for less than or equal to 10 years. Age effect was assessed by mortality (left axis). Cohort and period effects were assessed by relative risk (right axis), 95% CIs are shown as shaded bands.