Table 3.

Associations between intending to self-isolate and sociodemographic characteristics and motivational message, by sample

Participant characteristics	Level	General population		Grindr
		B (95% CI)	P value	B (95% CI)	P value
Gender	Male (including transman)	Ref	–	–	–
	Female (including transwoman)	0.15 (0.01 to 0.30)	0.03	–	–
Sexual orientation	Straight or heterosexual	Ref	–	–	–
	Gay, lesbian, bisexual or queer	0.06 (−0.21 to 0.33)	0.67	–	–
Age	Range 18–98 years	0.01 (0.00 to 0.01)	0.06	0.00 (−0.01 to 0.02)	0.66
	Quadratic term (age–mean)2	0.0002 (−0.0001 to 0.0005)	0.17	0.001 (0.000 to 0.002)	0.02
Region	Midlands (East and West)	Ref	–	Ref	–
	South (East, West, East of England)	0.19 (−0.39 to 0.01)	0.07	0.02 (−0.51 to 0.55)	0.95
	North (East, West, Yorkshire and the Humber)	0.07 (−0.28 to 0.13)	0.49	0.06 (−0.53 to 0.64)	0.85
	London	0.11 (−0.39 to 0.16)	0.42	0.01 (−0.59 to 0.57)	0.98
	Devolved nations (Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland)	0.04 (−0.30 to 0.22)	0.78	0.48 (−0.20 to 1.16)	0.17
Dependent child in household	No	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Yes	0.15 (−0.32 to 0.03)	0.10	0.42 (−1.13 to 0.29)	0.25
Employment status	Not working	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Working	0.09 (−0.12 to 0.31)	0.39	0.13 (−0.61 to 0.34)	0.58
Frontline health or social care worker	No	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Yes	0.08 (−0.14 to 0.30)	0.47	0.68 (0.24 to 1.13)	0.003
Need to leave home for work	Do not need to leave home for work	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Need to leave home for work	0.26 (−0.45 to −0.07)	0.007	0.14 (−0.22 to 0.51)	0.44
Education	GCSE/vocational/A-level/no formal qualifications	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Degree or higher (Bachelors, Masters, PhD)	0.02 (−0.13 to 0.18)	0.77	0.16 (−0.48 to 0.16)	0.31
Ethnicity	White British	Ref	–	Ref	–
	White other	0.23 (−0.59 to 0.13)	0.21	0.33 (−0.75 to 0.09)	0.12
	Black, Asian, other minoritised ethnicity	0.11 (−0.15 to 0.37)	0.40	0.03 (−0.52 to 0.46)	0.91
Marital status	Not partnered	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Partnered	0.15 (−0.04 to 0.34)	0.12	0.13 (−0.24 to 0.49)	0.50
Live alone	Live with someone else	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Live alone	0.06 (−0.15 to 0.28)	0.56	0.07 (−0.40 to 0.26)	0.69
Own chronic illness	None	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Present	0.21 (0.05 to 0.38)	0.009	0.10 (−0.24 to 0.44)	0.56
Ever taken PrEP for HIV	No	–	–	Ref	–
	Yes	–	–	0.11 (−0.43 to 0.22)	0.51
Vaccinated for smallpox in 2022	Not vaccinated	–	–	Ref	–
	Vaccinated	–	–	0.03 (−0.32 to 0.39)	0.86
Index of Multiple Deprivation	Deciles (1st=most deprived, 10th=least deprived)	0.01 (−0.04 to 0.02)	0.48	0.02 (−0.05 to 0.08)	0.66
Socioeconomic grade	ABC1	Ref	–	Ref	–
	C2DE	0.09 (−0.24 to 0.06)	0.24	0.03 (−0.46 to 0.39)	0.88
Financial hardship	4 (lowest hardship) to 13 (most hardship)	0.08 (−0.12 to −0.05)	<0.001*	0.02 (−0.11 to 0.07)	0.70
Total no of sexual partners (male and female) in last 3 weeks	0	Ref	–	–	–
	1	0.04 (−0.23 to 0.14)	0.65	–	–
	2–4	0.25 (−0.59 to 0.10)	0.16	–	–
	5 or more	0.09 (−0.69 to 0.52)	0.77	–	–
	Prefer not to say	0.22 (−0.42 to −0.02)	0.03	–	–
No of male sexual partners in last 3 weeks	0	–	–	Ref	–
	1	–	–	0.50 (−0.92 to −0.08)	0.02
	2–4	–	–	0.09 (−0.47 to 0.30)	0.65
	5–9	–	–	0.48 (−1.00 to 0.03)	0.07
	10 or more	–	–	0.32 (−0.96 to 0.33)	0.34
	Prefer not to say	–	–	0.83 (0.12 to 1.53)	0.02
Motivational message	Perceived risk of illness and necessity and efficacy of the response	0.06 (−0.25 to 0.12)	0.50	–	–
	Perceived risk of illness and benefits of the response	0.09 (−0.28 to 0.09)	0.33	–	–
	Perceived risk of illness and low perceived costs of response	0.19 (−0.38 to 0.00)	0.05	–	–
	Control	Ref	–	–	–
Motivational message	All motivational components	–	–	0.10 (−0.37 to 0.18)	0.48
	Control	–	–	Ref	–

A higher score indicates greater intention to self-isolate. Variables were entered into the linear regression model in blocks (block 1: sociodemographic variables and motivational message, block 2: psychological factors, block 3: isolation-specific beliefs). Results for block 3, using pooled estimates are reported.

*p≤0.001.

GCSE, General Certificate of Secondary Education; PrEP, pre-exposure prophylaxis.