Table 1.
Characteristics of Studies Included in the Analysis.
| Authors | Article Type | Sample Size | Study Type | Sample Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abrahams and Jewkes (2005) | Peer Reviewed Article | 1,368 | Cross-Sectional | South Africa (Cape Town) |
| Abrahams et al. (2006) | Peer Reviewed Article | 1,368 | Cross-Sectional | South Africa |
| Adebowale (2018) | Peer Reviewed Article | 6,765 | Cross-Sectional | Nigeria |
| Adjah and Agbemafle (2016) | Peer Reviewed Article | 1,524 | Cross-Sectional | Ghana |
| Afe et al. (2016) | Peer Reviewed Article | 77 | Cross-Sectional | Nigeria |
| Balogun et al. (2013) | Peer Reviewed Article | 300 | Cross-Sectional | Nigeria |
| Barchi et al. (2018) | Peer Reviewed Article | 469 | Cross-Sectional | Kenya |
| Barchi et al. (2020) | Peer Reviewed Article | 684 | Cross-Sectional | Kenya |
| Bernards and Graham (2013) | Peer Reviewed Article | 37,320 | Cross-Sectional | Uganda |
| Choi and Ting (2008) | Peer Reviewed Article | 4,948 | Cross-Sectional | South Africa |
| Conroy (2014) | Peer Reviewed Article | 844 | Cross-Sectional | Malawi |
| Deribe et al. (2012) | Peer Reviewed Article | 844 | Cross-Sectional | Ethiopia |
| Deyessa et al. (2009) | Peer Reviewed Article | 1,994 | Cross-Sectional | Ethiopia |
| Dibaba (2008) | Peer Reviewed Article | 308 | Cross-Sectional | Ethiopia |
| Dim (2019) | Peer Reviewed Article | 26,403 | Cross-Sectional | Nigeria |
| Fawole et al. (2005) | Peer Reviewed Article | 431 | Cross-Sectional | Nigeria |
| Fesena et al. (2012) | Peer Reviewed Article | 422 | Cross-Sectional | Ethiopia |
| Fielding-Miller and Dunkle (2017) | Peer Reviewed Article | 401 | Cross-Sectional | Swaziland |
| Flake and Forste (2006) | Peer Reviewed Article | 588 | Cross-Sectional | Dominican Republic |
| Flegar et al. (2011) | Peer Reviewed Article | 40 | Cross-Sectional | South Africa |
| Fonck et al. (2005) | Peer Reviewed Article | 520 | Cross-Sectional | Kenya |
| Gage and Thomas (2017) | Peer Reviewed Article | 20,311 | Cross-Sectional | Nigeria |
| Gass (2011) | Peer Reviewed Article | 1,715 | Cross-Sectional | South Africa |
| Groves et al. (2015) | Peer Reviewed Article | 445 | Longitudinal | South Africa |
| Gupta et al. (2008) | Peer Reviewed Article | 834 | Cross-Sectional | South Africa |
| Gust et al. (2021) | Peer Reviewed Article | 8,003 | Cross-Sectional | Kenya |
| Issahanku (2012) | Dissertation | 443 | Cross-Sectional | Ghana |
| Jaoko (2005) | Dissertation | 208 | Cross-Sectional | Kenya |
| Jewkes et al. (2002) | Peer Reviewed Article | 1,279 | Cross-Sectional | South Africa |
| Karamagi et al. (2006) | Peer Reviewed Article | 457 | Cross-Sectional | Uganda |
| Kimuna, et al. (2018) | Peer Reviewed Article | 4,512 | Cross-Sectional | Kenya |
| Machisa et al. (2016) | Peer Reviewed Article | 416 | Cross-Sectional | South Africa |
| Malan et al. (2018) | Peer Reviewed Article | 150 | Cross-Sectional | South Africa |
| Mandal (2013) | Peer Reviewed Article | 8,385 | Cross-Sectional | Malawi |
| Meade et al. (2012) | Peer Reviewed Article | 3,328 | Cross-Sectional | South Africa |
| Moore (2008) | Peer Reviewed Article | 2,759 | Cross-Sectional | Togo |
| Mthembu et al. (2016) | Peer Reviewed Article | 975 | Cross-Sectional | South Africa |
| Owoaje and OlaOlorun (2012) | Peer Reviewed Article | 924 | Cross-Sectional | Nigeria |
| Peltzer et al. (2013) | Peer Reviewed Article | 268 | Cross-Sectional | South Africa |
| Peltzer (2013) | Peer Reviewed Article | 607 | Cross-Sectional | South Africa |
| Pengpid and Peltzer (2013) | Peer Reviewed Article | 268 | Cross-Sectional | South Africa |
| Prabhu et al. (2011) | Peer Reviewed Article | 2,436 | Cross-Sectional | Tanzania |
| Sa and Larsen (2007) | Peer Reviewed Article | 1,418 | Cross-Sectional | Tanzania |
| Stockl et al. (2010) | Peer Reviewed Article | 1,721 | Cross-Sectional | Tanzania |
| Sunmola et al. (2021) | Peer Reviewed Article | 20,101 | Cross-Sectional | Nigeria |
| Tlapek (2015) | Peer Reviewed Article | 1,821 | Cross-Sectional | Democratic Republic of Congo |
| Tumwesigye et al. (2012) | Peer Reviewed Article | 1,743 | Cross-Sectional | Uganda |
| Umubyei (2014) | Peer Reviewed Article | 917 | Cross-Sectional | Rwanda |
| van der Straten et al. (1998) | Peer Reviewed Article | 921 | Cross-Sectional | Rwanda |
| Wong et al. (2008) | Peer Reviewed Article | 395 | Cross-Sectional | South Africa (Cape Town) |
| Zacarias et al. (2012) | Peer Reviewed Article | 1,442 | Cross-Sectional | Mozambique |