Table 2.
Risk Markers for Perpetration and Victimization of Male-to-Female IPV From Studies in SSA.
| Risk Marker | k | r | 95% CI | Classic Fail-Safe N |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male Perpetration | ||||
| Emotional IPV PerpetrationR | 4 | .57*** | [0.44, 0.67] | 477 |
| Sexual IPV PerpetrationR | 5 | .40** | [0.11, 0.63] | 402 |
| Witness Parental IPVR | 6 | .37*** | [0.26, 0.47] | 398 |
| Abused as a ChildR | 5 | .36*** | [0.25, 0.46] | 195 |
| Cohabitating (Not Married)R | 3 | .31*** | [0.15, 0.45] | 41 |
| Controlling BehaviorsR | 5 | .30*** | [0.22, 0.39] | 2,344 |
| Drug UseI | 5 | .28*** | [0.12, 0.43] | 53 |
| Alcohol UseI | 21 | .27*** | [0.23, 0.30] | 8,947 |
| EmployedI,C | 7 | .01 | [−0.06, 0.08] | — |
| Age (Older)I | 4 | .00 | [−0.00, 0.00] | — |
| MarriedR | 3 | −.01 | [−0.20, 0.20] | — |
| Education (Higher)I,C | 5 | −.05 | [−0.11, 0.01] | — |
| Female Victimization | ||||
| Post-traumatic Stress SymptomsI | 5 | .45*** | [0.23, 0.62] | 181 |
| Depressive SymptomsI | 10 | .26*** | [0.14, 0.36] | 326 |
| Abused as a ChildR | 3 | .26*** | [0.12, 0.40] | 41 |
| Witness Parental IPVR | 9 | .22*** | [0.10, 0.34] | 240 |
| Drug UseI | 5 | .22** | [0.09, 0.34] | 23 |
| Alcohol UseI | 15 | .21*** | [0.16, 0.26] | 508 |
| Rural ResidenceC | 4 | .08*** | [0.04, 0.11] | 95 |
| Approval of ViolenceI,S | 4 | .08 | [−0.00, 0.17] | — |
| Length of RelationshipR | 3 | .05 | [−0.04, 0.14] | — |
| Number of ChildrenR | 12 | .04* | [0.02, 0.07] | 97 |
| Income (Higher)I,C | 7 | .03 | [−0.03, 0.08] | — |
| Education (Higher)I,C | 14 | .02 | [−0.03, 0.07] | — |
| EmployedI,C | 13 | .02 | [−0.03, 0.06] | — |
| Age (Older)I | 16 | −.00 | [−0.00, 0.00] | — |
| ReligiosityI | 4 | −.09 | [−0.23, 0.05] | — |
| MarriedR | 13 | −.14 | [−0.32, 0.05] | — |
Note. R = relational level; I = individual level; C = community level; S = societal level; k = effect sizes, r = Pearson’s r; CI = confidence interval.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.