The biosurfactant enhances the remediation of heavy metals from contaminated soil.
| Heavy metals | Bioremediator species and/or biosurfactant | Removal efficiency (%) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cd | Rhamnolipid and saponin | ND | 113 |
| Cr, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu | Di-rhamnolipid from Pseudomonas aeruginosa BS2 | ND | 114 |
| Fe | Candida sphaerica | 95 | 115 |
| Zn | 90 | ||
| Pb | 79 | ||
| Cu | Rhamnolipid from Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2297 | 74 | 116 |
| Cu | Saponin | 60 | 109 |
| Zn | 65 | ||
| Cr | 67 | ||
| Pb | 40 | ||
| Ni | 57 | ||
| Mn | 35 | ||
| Ni | Rhamnolipid and saponin | 87 | 117 |
| Cr | 71 | ||
| V | 70 | ||
| Cd | Rhamnolipid with Citric acid | 76.4 | 118 |
| Pb | 28.1 |