Table 1.
Participant characteristics and outcomesa stratified by race, Add Health 1994–2008
| Characteristic | Overall |
White |
Black |
Asian |
AI/NA |
Multiracial |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12,372 (100%) | 7742 (74%) | 2915 (17%) | 805 (3.2%) | 76 (0.6%) | 834 (5.8%) | |
| Male sex | 5778 (51%) | 3672 (51%) | 1267 (50%) | 418 (53%) | 41 (64%) | 380 (50%) |
| Age | 29.0 | 28.9 | 29.2 | 29.2 | 28.8 | 28.8 |
| Highest parental education | ||||||
| Less than high schoolb | 1187 (11%) | 685 (9.6%) | 356 (17%) | 69 (13%) | 13 (29%) | 64 (11%) |
| High school diploma | 3883 (35%) | 2520 (34%) | 959 (42%) | 164 (24%) | 19 (34%) | 221 (33%) |
| Some college | 2221 (18%) | 1405 (19%) | 500 (16%) | 106 (10%) | 19 (24%) | 191 (22%) |
| College graduate or greater | 4897 (36%) | 3039 (38%) | 1043 (26%) | 445 (53%) | 24 (14%) | 346 (34%) |
| Household incomec | 23.5 | 25.5 | 14.4 | 27.2 | 13.2 | 21.2 |
| Parental support index (0–5) | 3.33 | 3.35 | 3.26 | 3.30 | 3.38 | 3.30 |
| Neighborhood disadvantage (0–1) | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.15 |
| Elevated (≥4) ACEsd | 4402 (27%) | 3207 (25%) | 648 (33%) | 260 (21%) | 15 (40%) | 272 (35%) |
| MetS | 3131 (29%) | 1799 (27%) | 852 (38%) | 221 (27%) | 35 (56%) | 224 (31%) |
| Hypertension | 6082 (52%) | 3775 (51%) | 1464 (55%) | 390 (46%) | 46 (66%) | 407 (50%) |
| Depression | 2195 (33%) | 1652 (35%) | 296 (26%) | 53 (17%) | 11 (32%) | 183 (35%) |
| Asthma | 1867 (15%) | 1134 (15%) | 453 (15%) | 90 (10%) | 14 (16%) | 176 (24%) |
| Anxiety | 1518 (13%) | 1179 (15%) | 182 (6.0%) | 26 (2.9%) | 4 (3.3%) | 127 (18%) |
| Suicidal ideation | 845 (7.4%) | 527 (7.2%) | 188 (7.4%) | 48 (6.0%) | 8 (15%) | 74 (10%) |
| Drug use | 3965 (36%) | 3049 (41%) | 356 (12%) | 197 (25%) | 30 (46%) | 333 (42%) |
Abbreviations: ACE = adverse childhood experience; MetS = metabolic syndrome.
a
Counts are unweighted; proportions (for categorical variables) and means (for continuous) are pooled estimates from 20 survey-weighted imputations.
b
Includes completed vocational school or GED.
c
Equivalence-scaled to adjust for household size.
d
ACE components measured variously across Waves 1, 3, and 4, and summed after imputation; see Appendix A for details.