Table 3.
Absolute and Relative change in uncensored headcount ratio by indicator between 2015/16 and 2019–21 across population Subgroups and geographic locations in India
| Absolute Change (in percentage points) | Relative Change (in percentage) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ST | WT | AD | IMZ | ME | BR | CF | EC | HC | OC | INF | DW | SN | HH | ST | WT | AD | IMZ | ME | BR | CF | EC | HC | OC | INF | DW | SN | HH | |
| India | -2.7 | -1.9 | -8.1 | -7.3 | -9.1 | -9.4 | -15.3 | -11.6 | -4.7 | -7.7 | -12.7 | -2.5 | -23.6 | -9.6 | -6.9 | -9.2 | -43.9 | -22 | -30 | -47.1 | -23.7 | -73.4 | -8.9 | -13.7 | -33 | -30.5 | -40.3 | -29.4 |
| Place of residence | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Urban | -0.8 | -1.6 | -4.1 | -6.1 | -4.6 | -4.5 | -9.5 | -2 | -1.5 | -7.4 | -5.6 | -1.2 | -12.4 | -6.3 | -2.4 | -8 | -41.2 | -20 | -28.3 | -41.1 | -40.8 | -62 | -7.2 | -14.3 | -39.5 | -35.3 | -35 | -32.3 |
| Rural | -3.6 | -2.1 | -9.8 | -7.8 | -11.1 | -11.4 | -18.9 | -15.5 | -7.1 | -7.5 | -17 | -3.4 | -28.1 | -11.4 | -8.6 | -9.6 | -45 | -22.8 | -31 | -48.7 | -23.3 | -75.9 | -11 | -13 | -36.1 | -33.2 | -40.7 | -29.9 |
| Castes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Others | -0.9 | -1.4 | -6.9 | -6.6 | -5.9 | -6.1 | -12.7 | -7.3 | -3.3 | -8.2 | -10 | -1.7 | -16.2 | -4.2 | -2.7 | -7.4 | -46.1 | -19.7 | -31.1 | -46.2 | -24.5 | -74.6 | -8.1 | -16.7 | -34.3 | -27.4 | -36.7 | -15.9 |
| SC | -3.3 | -1.8 | -7.6 | -6.5 | -9.6 | -8.8 | -18.2 | -13.4 | -4.8 | -6 | -12.8 | -2.2 | -26.4 | -12.5 | -7.7 | -8.3 | -40 | -20 | -28 | -42.7 | -25.3 | -72.4 | -8.1 | -9.7 | -32.1 | -32.1 | -38.3 | -32.4 |
| ST | -2.4 | -4.1 | -12.7 | -11.4 | -11 | -12.3 | -14 | -13 | -5.9 | -9.1 | -16.6 | -7.6 | -29.1 | -15.1 | -5.4 | -15.2 | -45.4 | -31.9 | -25.2 | -51.4 | -16.1 | -67.9 | -7.9 | -15.1 | -29.9 | -34.6 | -37.3 | -29.4 |
| OBC | -3.6 | -1.8 | -8.1 | -7.2 | -10.4 | -10.9 | -16.5 | -13 | -6.2 | -7.6 | -15.3 | -2.3 | -25 | -10.6 | -9.3 | -8.8 | -44.8 | -21.6 | -32.8 | -48.6 | -25.8 | -78.5 | -12.2 | -13.3 | -40.4 | -34 | -42.3 | -35.3 |
| Religions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hindu | -2.8 | -2.4 | -7.2 | -7.2 | -9 | -9.4 | -16.1 | -12.1 | -5.5 | -6.9 | -13.3 | -2.9 | -24.9 | -10.9 | -7.2 | -11 | -42.5 | -22.1 | -30.3 | -46.7 | -24.1 | -74.9 | -10.2 | -12.3 | -36 | -34 | -39.9 | -32.1 |
| Muslim | -2.8 | 0.5 | -13.4 | -9.2 | -11.6 | -11.5 | -13.9 | -12.5 | -3.9 | -10.5 | -16.8 | -1.5 | -19.5 | -5.4 | -7 | 2.8 | -50.6 | -23.6 | -30 | -51.5 | -22.4 | -77.2 | -7.6 | -16.9 | -35.2 | -29.1 | -36.7 | -18.2 |
| Christian | 1.4 | -2.6 | -4.1 | -7.1 | -2.1 | -5.1 | -12.2 | -3.6 | -3.5 | -2.1 | -5.7 | -5.7 | -16.7 | -8.2 | 4.7 | -13.6 | -21 | -21.9 | -12.6 | -36.2 | -22.2 | -47.3 | -8.4 | -5.1 | -20.3 | -32.3 | -40.7 | -22.7 |
| Others | -2.9 | -4.7 | -5.2 | 0.8 | -3.7 | -1.9 | -16 | -3.8 | -0.2 | -8.1 | -7.2 | -0.7 | -16.4 | -7 | -8.8 | -22.7 | -42.5 | 3.7 | -21.6 | -25.8 | -29.7 | -56.8 | -0.4 | -16.7 | -33.1 | -8.7 | -40.1 | -26.7 |
| Regions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| North | -4.6 | -5.4 | -8.1 | -9.1 | -9.4 | -13.5 | -10 | -4.5 | 3.4 | -8.8 | -12.2 | -3.1 | -17.2 | -12.3 | -13.4 | -27 | -59.2 | -31.2 | -30.5 | -69 | -17.1 | -77.4 | 10 | -17.5 | -50.7 | -34.9 | -38.6 | -50.4 |
| West | 1.4 | -0.6 | -3.5 | -4.2 | -3.1 | -1 | -18.6 | -3.5 | -3.8 | -7 | -8.6 | -2.1 | -18.7 | -2.2 | 4 | -2.4 | -35.3 | -11.9 | -20.8 | -25.7 | -39.6 | -57.3 | -12.9 | -10.8 | -37.4 | -23.3 | -37.8 | -8.6 |
| Central | -5.7 | -2.7 | -13 | -7.7 | -13.1 | -15.2 | -15 | -14.7 | -7.9 | -10.4 | -19.1 | -3.5 | -32.8 | -9.6 | -12.7 | -13.2 | -48.5 | -19.8 | -33 | -49 | -20.2 | -65.9 | -11.2 | -15.9 | -40.1 | -42.3 | -46.9 | -38.4 |
| East | -3.2 | -0.1 | -9.7 | -7.6 | -11.2 | -9.8 | -16.6 | -23.2 | -8.8 | -5.6 | -18.2 | -2.5 | -22 | -10.6 | -7.6 | -0.6 | -39.8 | -23.3 | -27.2 | -38.3 | -19.5 | -86.1 | -12.6 | -10.4 | -30.9 | -33.2 | -30.5 | -23.9 |
| North-east | 0.5 | 3.4 | -11 | -7.9 | -6.2 | -3.5 | -15.6 | -13.1 | -4.5 | -4.9 | -12.8 | -3.1 | -18.3 | -8.3 | 1.5 | 21.8 | -39.7 | -17.7 | -28.9 | -35.4 | -20.2 | -62.2 | -5.9 | -16 | -25.3 | -15.9 | -35 | -20.6 |
| South | 0.6 | -3.1 | -0.9 | -7.6 | -4.7 | -3.5 | -18.4 | -0.6 | -2.8 | -5.2 | -2.9 | -2 | -20.8 | -12.4 | 1.9 | -15.5 | -21.5 | -30.2 | -37.5 | -47.4 | -49.7 | -60.1 | -11.7 | -10.3 | -28.8 | -33.4 | -45.5 | -31.5 |
Source: Authors' Calculation from NFHS, 2015–16 & 2019–21
WT Wasting; ST stunting, AD Assisted Delivery, ME Mother's education, Inf Availability of TV/Radio, IMZ Immunization, BR Birth Registration, CF Cooking Fuel, EC Electricity, HC Housing Condition, OC Over-crowding, DW Drinking Water, SAT Sanitation, HH Hand Hygiene