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. 2023 Oct 17;23:2024. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-16869-0

Table 4.

Absolute and Relative change in censored headcount ratio by indicator between 2015/16 and 2019–21 across population subgroups and geographic locations in India

Absolute Change (in percentage points)
ST WT AD IMZ ME BR CF EC HC OC INF DW SN HH
India -9.71 -5.08 -9.73 -9.88 -13.00 -11.35 -20.97 -10.61 -16.84 -14.11 -15.96 -4.15 -22.61 -11.44
Place of residence
 Urban -4.6 -2.25 -3.59 -4.73 -6.31 -4.07 -6.69 -1.68 -4.78 -7.41 -4.88 -0.95 -7.39 -3.68
 Rural -11.78 -5.82 -10.57 -10.8 -15.42 -12.54 -25.64 -15.15 -20.01 -16.86 -19.98 -4.01 -27.22 -13.24
Castes
 Others -6.03 -2.9 -6.73 -6.99 -7.94 -5.98 -13.1 -6.79 -10.56 -9.42 -10.81 -1.88 -13.02 -5.87
 SC -10.84 -4.67 -7.95 -8.52 -13.27 -9.91 -22.04 -13.14 -16.13 -15.03 -15.25 -2.63 -24.2 -12.28
 ST -10.59 -8.82 -13.47 -12.45 -15.92 -13.01 -26.13 -12.91 -21.21 -17.29 -20.98 -8.65 -30.98 -19.25
 OBC -10.87 -4.92 -8.77 -9.6 -14.43 -11.85 -21.66 -12.69 -16.73 -15.46 -17.22 -2.74 -22.71 -10.08
Religions
 Hindu -9.76 -5.09 -7.78 -8.84 -12.48 -10.12 -20.69 -11.71 -15.9 -14.1 -15.25 -3.41 -22.44 -11.1
 Muslim -10.51 -3.64 -13.33 -10.97 -16.39 -12.01 -20.02 -12.14 -15.61 -15.71 -19.53 -1.66 -19.93 -8.14
 Christian -2.94 -2.69 -4.38 -4.97 -3.45 -5.85 -10.3 -3.72 -8.67 -7.04 -7.05 -5.73 -13.57 -8.21
 Others -5.1 -3.45 -4.83 -4.36 -4.18 -2.21 -10.87 -3.48 -8.21 -7.02 -7.18 -1.78 -11.27 -7.48
Regions
 North -9.13 -5.81 -6.91 -8.63 -13.36 -12.15 -17.07 -4.53 -9.32 -13.86 -12.84 -3.86 -16.13 -11.16
 West -4.98 -3.3 -3.43 -5.58 -4.82 -1.36 -11.36 -2.8 -6.58 -9.49 -6.95 -2.67 -11.3 -5.51
 Central -14.24 -6.35 -14.13 -14.22 -18.17 -16.83 -27.48 -14.9 -24.01 -21.47 -22.25 -3.99 -32.28 -11.25
 East -10.77 -4.62 -10.48 -8.8 -15.68 -11.35 -25.12 -22.17 -20.71 -13.19 -22.21 -3.04 -25.26 -13.85
 North-east -6.55 -1.49 -11.1 -9.89 -8.23 -4.25 -18.12 -12.54 -15.81 -7.57 -15.27 -3.31 -17.68 -9.94
 South -4.97 -3.46 -1.28 -3.71 -5.7 -3.36 -9.9 -0.55 -5.28 -8.37 -3.44 -1.71 -11.07 -7.22
Relative Change (in percentage)
ST WT AD IMZ ME BR CF EC HC OC INF DW SN HH
India -38.32 -40.41 -53.82 -46.69 -45.87 -60.79 -45.99 -75.52 -41.00 -41.82 -48.06 -45.21 -54.01 -46.89
Place of residence
 Urban -45.73 -43.28 -59.36 -54.85 -54.4 -60.22 -56.85 -66.7 -46.59 -49.53 -56.2 -60.49 -51.81 -46.34
 Rural -38.5 -39.24 -55 -44.98 -45.47 -59.01 -46.79 -78.19 -40.87 -41.01 -48.97 -49.89 -52.9 -46.58
Castes
 Others -37.92 -37.4 -58.59 -47.7 -49.52 -62.12 -47.79 -78.51 -42.35 -42.57 -50.27 -47.95 -50.64 -37.51
 SC -36.73 -34.37 -48.94 -39.7 -42.41 -53.02 -45 -74.36 -36.75 -37.87 -44.06 -50.14 -50.43 -46.48
 ST -29.81 -40.57 -52.43 -43.92 -37.8 -57.83 -38.77 -69.96 -34.97 -36.39 -41.81 -44.68 -48.54 -43.45
 OBC -43.52 -42.43 -58.16 -48.91 -49.91 -60.96 -51.02 -81.12 -44.77 -45.29 -53.95 -55.84 -55.7 -51.22
Religions
 Hindu -38.76 -40.44 -54.08 -45.73 -45.74 -58.37 -47.36 -77.43 -40.9 -41.36 -48.62 -51.73 -52.62 -47.7
 Muslim -39.39 -32.14 -59.66 -45.85 -48.02 -61.86 -45.62 -79.5 -39.43 -41.89 -50.95 -42.86 -50.48 -37.77
 Christian -19.41 -33.19 -29.5 -32.75 -24.1 -49.49 -33.27 -52.55 -32.46 -36.51 -32.67 -45.31 -52.92 -39.28
 Others -35.51 -38.72 -51.21 -42.11 -32.46 -36.27 -43.38 -59.24 -36.03 -38.81 -40.86 -28.58 -49.6 -43.08
Regions
 North -52.21 -60.68 -71.48 -59.48 -54.56 -78.05 -54.99 -80.93 -43.13 -52.71 -63.84 -55.16 -56.7 -62.75
 West -32.98 -33.84 -52.26 -42.84 -39.32 -47.21 -47.85 -61.25 -37.51 -40.44 -46.98 -44.87 -46.74 -34.09
 Central -42.04 -44.16 -60.23 -50.71 -48.97 -60.98 -48.72 -69.58 -43.84 -44.72 -52.34 -56.55 -59.19 -50.89
 East -31.81 -28.15 -47.43 -36.23 -39.52 -48.74 -40.8 -86.71 -36.86 -31.52 -43.8 -49.07 -43.83 -40.58
 North-east -28.03 -14.04 -48.01 -37.27 -41.23 -49.21 -38.51 -65.12 -33.94 -33.76 -38.84 -23.1 -47.65 -33.07
 South -49.29 -54.89 -51.35 -52.52 -58.09 -69.73 -66.59 -69.79 -50.38 -55.37 -55.6 -59.01 -62.79 -53.8

Source: Authors' Calculation from NFHS 2015–16 & 2019–21

WT Wasting, ST stunting, AD Assisted Delivery, ME Mother's education, Inf Availability of TV/Radio, IMZ Immunization, BR Birth Registration, CF Cooking Fuel, EC Electricity, HC Housing Condition, OC Over-crowding, DW Drinking Water, SAT Sanitation, HH Hand Hygiene