Table 4.
Absolute and Relative change in censored headcount ratio by indicator between 2015/16 and 2019–21 across population subgroups and geographic locations in India
| Absolute Change (in percentage points) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ST | WT | AD | IMZ | ME | BR | CF | EC | HC | OC | INF | DW | SN | HH | |
| India | -9.71 | -5.08 | -9.73 | -9.88 | -13.00 | -11.35 | -20.97 | -10.61 | -16.84 | -14.11 | -15.96 | -4.15 | -22.61 | -11.44 |
| Place of residence | ||||||||||||||
| Urban | -4.6 | -2.25 | -3.59 | -4.73 | -6.31 | -4.07 | -6.69 | -1.68 | -4.78 | -7.41 | -4.88 | -0.95 | -7.39 | -3.68 |
| Rural | -11.78 | -5.82 | -10.57 | -10.8 | -15.42 | -12.54 | -25.64 | -15.15 | -20.01 | -16.86 | -19.98 | -4.01 | -27.22 | -13.24 |
| Castes | ||||||||||||||
| Others | -6.03 | -2.9 | -6.73 | -6.99 | -7.94 | -5.98 | -13.1 | -6.79 | -10.56 | -9.42 | -10.81 | -1.88 | -13.02 | -5.87 |
| SC | -10.84 | -4.67 | -7.95 | -8.52 | -13.27 | -9.91 | -22.04 | -13.14 | -16.13 | -15.03 | -15.25 | -2.63 | -24.2 | -12.28 |
| ST | -10.59 | -8.82 | -13.47 | -12.45 | -15.92 | -13.01 | -26.13 | -12.91 | -21.21 | -17.29 | -20.98 | -8.65 | -30.98 | -19.25 |
| OBC | -10.87 | -4.92 | -8.77 | -9.6 | -14.43 | -11.85 | -21.66 | -12.69 | -16.73 | -15.46 | -17.22 | -2.74 | -22.71 | -10.08 |
| Religions | ||||||||||||||
| Hindu | -9.76 | -5.09 | -7.78 | -8.84 | -12.48 | -10.12 | -20.69 | -11.71 | -15.9 | -14.1 | -15.25 | -3.41 | -22.44 | -11.1 |
| Muslim | -10.51 | -3.64 | -13.33 | -10.97 | -16.39 | -12.01 | -20.02 | -12.14 | -15.61 | -15.71 | -19.53 | -1.66 | -19.93 | -8.14 |
| Christian | -2.94 | -2.69 | -4.38 | -4.97 | -3.45 | -5.85 | -10.3 | -3.72 | -8.67 | -7.04 | -7.05 | -5.73 | -13.57 | -8.21 |
| Others | -5.1 | -3.45 | -4.83 | -4.36 | -4.18 | -2.21 | -10.87 | -3.48 | -8.21 | -7.02 | -7.18 | -1.78 | -11.27 | -7.48 |
| Regions | ||||||||||||||
| North | -9.13 | -5.81 | -6.91 | -8.63 | -13.36 | -12.15 | -17.07 | -4.53 | -9.32 | -13.86 | -12.84 | -3.86 | -16.13 | -11.16 |
| West | -4.98 | -3.3 | -3.43 | -5.58 | -4.82 | -1.36 | -11.36 | -2.8 | -6.58 | -9.49 | -6.95 | -2.67 | -11.3 | -5.51 |
| Central | -14.24 | -6.35 | -14.13 | -14.22 | -18.17 | -16.83 | -27.48 | -14.9 | -24.01 | -21.47 | -22.25 | -3.99 | -32.28 | -11.25 |
| East | -10.77 | -4.62 | -10.48 | -8.8 | -15.68 | -11.35 | -25.12 | -22.17 | -20.71 | -13.19 | -22.21 | -3.04 | -25.26 | -13.85 |
| North-east | -6.55 | -1.49 | -11.1 | -9.89 | -8.23 | -4.25 | -18.12 | -12.54 | -15.81 | -7.57 | -15.27 | -3.31 | -17.68 | -9.94 |
| South | -4.97 | -3.46 | -1.28 | -3.71 | -5.7 | -3.36 | -9.9 | -0.55 | -5.28 | -8.37 | -3.44 | -1.71 | -11.07 | -7.22 |
| Relative Change (in percentage) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ST | WT | AD | IMZ | ME | BR | CF | EC | HC | OC | INF | DW | SN | HH | |
| India | -38.32 | -40.41 | -53.82 | -46.69 | -45.87 | -60.79 | -45.99 | -75.52 | -41.00 | -41.82 | -48.06 | -45.21 | -54.01 | -46.89 |
| Place of residence | ||||||||||||||
| Urban | -45.73 | -43.28 | -59.36 | -54.85 | -54.4 | -60.22 | -56.85 | -66.7 | -46.59 | -49.53 | -56.2 | -60.49 | -51.81 | -46.34 |
| Rural | -38.5 | -39.24 | -55 | -44.98 | -45.47 | -59.01 | -46.79 | -78.19 | -40.87 | -41.01 | -48.97 | -49.89 | -52.9 | -46.58 |
| Castes | ||||||||||||||
| Others | -37.92 | -37.4 | -58.59 | -47.7 | -49.52 | -62.12 | -47.79 | -78.51 | -42.35 | -42.57 | -50.27 | -47.95 | -50.64 | -37.51 |
| SC | -36.73 | -34.37 | -48.94 | -39.7 | -42.41 | -53.02 | -45 | -74.36 | -36.75 | -37.87 | -44.06 | -50.14 | -50.43 | -46.48 |
| ST | -29.81 | -40.57 | -52.43 | -43.92 | -37.8 | -57.83 | -38.77 | -69.96 | -34.97 | -36.39 | -41.81 | -44.68 | -48.54 | -43.45 |
| OBC | -43.52 | -42.43 | -58.16 | -48.91 | -49.91 | -60.96 | -51.02 | -81.12 | -44.77 | -45.29 | -53.95 | -55.84 | -55.7 | -51.22 |
| Religions | ||||||||||||||
| Hindu | -38.76 | -40.44 | -54.08 | -45.73 | -45.74 | -58.37 | -47.36 | -77.43 | -40.9 | -41.36 | -48.62 | -51.73 | -52.62 | -47.7 |
| Muslim | -39.39 | -32.14 | -59.66 | -45.85 | -48.02 | -61.86 | -45.62 | -79.5 | -39.43 | -41.89 | -50.95 | -42.86 | -50.48 | -37.77 |
| Christian | -19.41 | -33.19 | -29.5 | -32.75 | -24.1 | -49.49 | -33.27 | -52.55 | -32.46 | -36.51 | -32.67 | -45.31 | -52.92 | -39.28 |
| Others | -35.51 | -38.72 | -51.21 | -42.11 | -32.46 | -36.27 | -43.38 | -59.24 | -36.03 | -38.81 | -40.86 | -28.58 | -49.6 | -43.08 |
| Regions | ||||||||||||||
| North | -52.21 | -60.68 | -71.48 | -59.48 | -54.56 | -78.05 | -54.99 | -80.93 | -43.13 | -52.71 | -63.84 | -55.16 | -56.7 | -62.75 |
| West | -32.98 | -33.84 | -52.26 | -42.84 | -39.32 | -47.21 | -47.85 | -61.25 | -37.51 | -40.44 | -46.98 | -44.87 | -46.74 | -34.09 |
| Central | -42.04 | -44.16 | -60.23 | -50.71 | -48.97 | -60.98 | -48.72 | -69.58 | -43.84 | -44.72 | -52.34 | -56.55 | -59.19 | -50.89 |
| East | -31.81 | -28.15 | -47.43 | -36.23 | -39.52 | -48.74 | -40.8 | -86.71 | -36.86 | -31.52 | -43.8 | -49.07 | -43.83 | -40.58 |
| North-east | -28.03 | -14.04 | -48.01 | -37.27 | -41.23 | -49.21 | -38.51 | -65.12 | -33.94 | -33.76 | -38.84 | -23.1 | -47.65 | -33.07 |
| South | -49.29 | -54.89 | -51.35 | -52.52 | -58.09 | -69.73 | -66.59 | -69.79 | -50.38 | -55.37 | -55.6 | -59.01 | -62.79 | -53.8 |
Source: Authors' Calculation from NFHS 2015–16 & 2019–21
WT Wasting, ST stunting, AD Assisted Delivery, ME Mother's education, Inf Availability of TV/Radio, IMZ Immunization, BR Birth Registration, CF Cooking Fuel, EC Electricity, HC Housing Condition, OC Over-crowding, DW Drinking Water, SAT Sanitation, HH Hand Hygiene