Table 5.
Shapley decomposition of the changes in multidimensional child poverty across population subgroups and geographic locations in India
| Place of residence | Caste | Religion | Region | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban | Rural | Total | Others | SC | ST | OBC | Total | Hindu | Muslim | Christian | Others | Total | North | West | Central | East | Northeast | South | Total | |
| Multidimensional child poverty | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2015–16 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| H | 18.3 | 57.4 | 46.6 | 31.2 | 52.5 | 69.2 | 46.5 | 46.6 | 46.9 | 50 | 33.6 | 26.6 | 46.6 | 34.9 | 27.2 | 61.5 | 63.6 | 49.1 | 19.2 | 46.6 |
| A | 46.9 | 52.3 | 51.7 | 49 | 51.7 | 54.7 | 51.6 | 51.7 | 51.7 | 52.1 | 50.1 | 50.3 | 51.7 | 51.3 | 46.9 | 52.8 | 53.3 | 49.5 | 45 | 51.7 |
| MCPI (%) | 8.6 | 30 | 24.1 | 15.3 | 27.2 | 37.9 | 24 | 24.1 | 24.2 | 26.1 | 16.8 | 13.4 | 24.1 | 17.9 | 12.7 | 32.5 | 33.9 | 24.3 | 8.7 | 24.1 |
| % Share Population | 27.6 | 72.4 | 100 | 23.7 | 22.1 | 10.4 | 43.7 | 100 | 78.3 | 16.8 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 100 | 13.4 | 12 | 27.3 | 26.3 | 3.7 | 17.3 | 100 |
| % MD-poor | 10.81 | 89.19 | 100 | 15.91 | 24.96 | 15.45 | 43.68 | 100 | 78.85 | 18.06 | 1.48 | 1.62 | 100 | 10.06 | 6.97 | 36.09 | 35.84 | 3.92 | 7.13 | 100 |
| 2019–21 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| H | 9.6 | 33.6 | 27.4 | 17.7 | 32.4 | 45.2 | 25.5 | 27.4 | 27.3 | 30.1 | 21.9 | 16.5 | 27.4 | 17 | 16.5 | 34.2 | 41.9 | 31.5 | 8.6 | 27.4 |
| A | 43.9 | 46.4 | 46.2 | 44.6 | 46.5 | 47.9 | 45.9 | 46.2 | 46.3 | 45.8 | 47.3 | 47.2 | 46.2 | 44.3 | 45.1 | 45.8 | 47.6 | 45.6 | 43.4 | 46.2 |
| MCPI (%) | 4.2 | 15.6 | 12.6 | 7.9 | 15.1 | 21.7 | 11.7 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 13.8 | 10.4 | 7.8 | 12.6 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 15.7 | 19.9 | 14.4 | 3.7 | 12.6 |
| % Share Population | 26.1 | 73.9 | 100 | 23.5 | 23.8 | 10.5 | 42.3 | 100 | 79.1 | 16.3 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 100 | 13.6 | 12.5 | 27.3 | 26.3 | 4 | 16.4 | 100 |
| % MD-poor | 9.15 | 90.85 | 100 | 15.15 | 28.13 | 17.3 | 39.42 | 100 | 78.85 | 17.96 | 1.78 | 1.41 | 100 | 8.46 | 7.54 | 34.11 | 40.21 | 4.55 | 5.13 | 100 |
| Decomposition | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
Total % Contribution (M0 = 100 for India) |
11.14 | 88.87 | 100.01 | 15.54 | 21.23 | 14.6 | 48.63 | 100 | 78.53 | 18.67 | 1.09 | 1.71 | 100 | 12.02 | 5.22 | 39.99 | 32.11 | 2.82 | 7.83 | 99.99 |
| Demographic effect | 0.84 | -2.98 | -2.15 | 0.2 | -3.16 | -0.26 | 2.19 | -1.02 | -1.29 | 0.87 | -0.12 | 0.46 | -0.07 | -0.22 | -0.44 | 0 | 0 | -0.51 | 0.49 | -0.68 |
| Within group effect | 10.3 | 91.85 | 102.15 | 15.33 | 24.38 | 14.86 | 46.44 | 101.02 | 79.82 | 17.8 | 1.2 | 1.25 | 100.07 | 12.24 | 5.66 | 39.99 | 32.11 | 3.32 | 7.35 | 100.67 |
| Incidence of poverty effect (H) (%) | 9.31 | 74.75 | 84.06 | 13.1 | 19.92 | 11.29 | 38.68 | 82.99 | 66.04 | 14.14 | 1.06 | 1.1 | 82.34 | 10.1 | 5.24 | 32.02 | 25.19 | 2.8 | 7.01 | 82.36 |
| Intensity of poverty effect (A) (%) | 0.98 | 17.08 | 18.06 | 2.23 | 4.45 | 3.56 | 7.75 | 17.99 | 13.77 | 3.66 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 17.72 | 2.14 | 0.42 | 7.97 | 6.92 | 0.53 | 0.33 | 18.31 |
|
Health effect (in reducing intensity) (%) |
0.21 | 2.87 | 3.08 | 0.43 | 0.73 | 0.62 | 1.32 | 3.1 | 2.31 | 0.7 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 3.06 | 0.39 | 0.08 | 1.44 | 1.05 | 0.1 | 0.06 | 3.12 |
| Stunting | 0.06 | 0.87 | 0.93 | 0.11 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.42 | 0.92 | 0.72 | 0.19 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.92 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.42 | 0.33 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.93 |
| Wasting | 0.03 | 0.43 | 0.46 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.47 | 0.37 | 0.07 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.45 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.44 |
| Assisted Delivery | 0.05 | 0.78 | 0.83 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.34 | 0.83 | 0.57 | 0.24 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.83 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.42 | 0.32 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.88 |
| Immunisation | 0.06 | 0.79 | 0.86 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.37 | 0.87 | 0.65 | 0.2 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.86 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.42 | 0.27 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.87 |
|
ECD effect (in reducing A) (%) |
0.28 | 4.11 | 4.39 | 0.52 | 1.06 | 0.79 | 2.03 | 4.4 | 3.31 | 1.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 4.39 | 0.65 | 0.06 | 2.06 | 2.51 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 5.56 |
| Mother education | 0.17 | 2.27 | 2.44 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.44 | 1.11 | 2.45 | 1.83 | 0.6 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 2.45 | 0.34 | 0.05 | 1.07 | 0.95 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 2.51 |
| Birth registration | 0.11 | 1.84 | 1.96 | 0.22 | 0.45 | 0.36 | 0.91 | 1.95 | 1.48 | 0.44 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.94 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.99 | 0.69 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 2.06 |
|
Standard of living effect (in reducing A) (%) |
0.28 | 5.75 | 6.03 | 0.76 | 1.49 | 1.08 | 2.58 | 5.91 | 4.55 | 1.21 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 5.85 | 0.58 | 0.15 | 2.6 | 2.51 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 6.12 |
| Cooking fuel | 0.07 | 1.51 | 1.58 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.29 | 0.67 | 1.55 | 1.21 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.53 | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 1.56 |
| Electricity | 0.02 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 0.1 | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.39 | 0.87 | 0.69 | 0.18 | 0 | 0 | 0.87 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.54 | 0.03 | 0 | 0.98 |
| Housing | 0.05 | 1.18 | 1.23 | 0.16 | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.52 | 1.2 | 0.93 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.18 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.57 | 0.5 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 1.25 |
| Over crowding | 0.08 | 0.99 | 1.07 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.19 | 0.48 | 1.08 | 0.83 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.07 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.51 | 0.32 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 1.05 |
| Information | 0.05 | 1.18 | 1.23 | 0.16 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.53 | 1.2 | 0.89 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.2 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 1.28 |
|
WASH effect (in reducing A) (%) |
0.22 | 4.36 | 4.58 | 0.52 | 1.19 | 1.08 | 1.83 | 4.62 | 3.61 | 0.72 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 4.43 | 0.53 | 0.13 | 1.87 | 1.71 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 4.49 |
| Drinking water | 0.02 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.43 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.39 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.39 |
| Sanitation | 0.13 | 2.67 | 2.8 | 0.33 | 0.73 | 0.57 | 1.17 | 2.79 | 2.19 | 0.48 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 2.73 | 0.27 | 0.07 | 1.27 | 1.02 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 2.78 |
| Hand hygiene | 0.07 | 1.3 | 1.37 | 0.15 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.52 | 1.39 | 1.08 | 0.2 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 1.31 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.44 | 0.56 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 1.31 |
Source: Author's own calculation based on NFHS 2015–16 & 2019–21