Fig. 5.

DC and T cell mediated tumor immunology and immunotherapy. In MHC-I antigen presentation pathway, oligopeptides degraded from cytosolic and nuclear protein are taken up and translocated into ER by TAP and further trimmed by ERAPs. The modified peptides bind to MHC-I and are transported to the cell surface for exposure to CD8 + T cells [233]. DC produce CXCL9, CXCL10 and IL-2 to recruit effective T cells therefore increase immune response. Activation of CTLA-4 and PD1/PDL1 reprogrammed immune homeostasis and induced cancer cells to eliminate T cell function. Immunotherapies that inhibit CTLA-4 and PD1/PDL1 and enhance MHC-I expression can effectively modulate DC function and improve cancer immunotherapy